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BY: Susan M. Pojer Pamela K. Montague

Antebellum Revivalism & Reform. BY: Susan M. Pojer Pamela K. Montague. The Rise of Popular Religion.

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BY: Susan M. Pojer Pamela K. Montague

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  1. AntebellumRevivalism&Reform BY: Susan M. PojerPamela K. Montague

  2. The Rise of Popular Religion In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. -- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

  3. The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Asylum &Penal Reform Women’s Rights

  4. “The Pursuit of Perfection” In Antebellum America How did the transportation revolution and the market revolution lead to this desire?

  5. “The Benevolent Empire”:1825 - 1846 Where did the movement begin?

  6. The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York Many NE Puritans had settled there

  7. Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting Spread to the masses on the frontier by multi-day camp meetings

  8. Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895) The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. 2nd Great Awakening led to the feminization of religion - women make up majority of Church membership and move into charity work in the reform movements it sparked. “soul-shaking” conversion

  9. The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) • 1823  Golden Tablets • 1830 Book of Mormon • 1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL Why? Joseph Smith(1805-1844)

  10. Violence Against Mormons Why were the Mormons persecuted?

  11. The Mormon “Trek” Why Utah?

  12. The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) • Deseret community • Salt Lake City, Utah • Frontier theocracy • Later flouted what laws in UT? Brigham Young(1801-1877)

  13. Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society“Demon Rum”! Frances Willard Lyman Beecher & the Beecher Family

  14. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

  15. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846 What social problems were attributed to alcohol?

  16. NEAL DOW Father of Prohibition MAINE LAW, 1851 First U.S. Law to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol. Temperance is the most widely supported, least sectional and most successful of all the reform movements What groups will be most resistant?

  17. Early 19th Century Women – Rights? • Unable to vote. • Legal status of a minor. • Single  could own her own property. • Married  no control over herproperty or her children. • Could not initiate divorce. • Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

  18. “Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” • A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (to be arefuge from the cruel world outside). • Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family – had great moral power. • Seen as physically/emotionally weak….but also as artistic and refined. • Republican Motherhood idea still alive. • An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

  19. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

  20. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society – many began with abolitionism. Lucy Stone Angelina & Sarah Grimke • American Women’sSuffrage Assoc. • edited Woman’s Journal • Southern Abolitionists R2-9

  21. Women’s Rights 1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. London World Anti-Slavery Convention Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott, a Quaker 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

  22. Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 What did the Declaration of Sentiments call for? Who attended?

  23. Educational Reform Religious Training Secular Education • More people have right to vote, so more need for education • Also, many immigrants to be Americanized! • MA – 1st state to establish free public education – tax supported • However, many communities unwilling to tax to raise the $ needed • Lots of private, religious schools - did not want to pay taxes to support public ones • By 1850 – free public ed. in most of North; even some high schools • Better teacher training • Mostly women as teachers – CATHERINE BEECHER • didn’t have to pay them as much as men

  24. Horace Mann (1796-1859) “Father of American Education” • Children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials • Children should be “molded” into a state of perfection • Discouraged corporal punishment • Established state teacher- training schools (“normal schools”)

  25. NoahWebster “American Spelling Book” Encouraged Americans to respect their own literature Later, dictionaries

  26. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers • Used religious parables to teach “American values.” • Teach middle class morality and respect for order. • Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

  27. Women Educators • Troy, NY Female Seminary • Curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. • train female teachers Emma Willard(1787-1870) • 1837 - she establishedMt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women. Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

  28. Penitentiary Reform • Prisons are an American creation • Reformers hope to help prisoners “repent” & learn to lead normal lives, reflect on sins, become better citizens • Horrid conditions existed; sane & insane together • DOROTHEA DIX gets prison reforms & gets insane out of prisons; mental asylums established • Will be appointed as Superintendent of Nurses for Union forces in Civil War Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

  29. Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

  30. Auburn System First in 1821, Auburn, NY Congregate system Congregate work by day BUT in total silence Solitary at night Pennsylvania System Individual system Isolates inmate for entire stay Blindfolded on admittance, etc. Overcrowding a problem Two Types of Prisons Develop:

  31. Utopian Communities

  32. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian Socialist New Harmony - “Village of Cooperation” To be a model of the "New Moral World" But will dissolve in less than 3 years.

  33. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN Believed an individual's character was shaped by his or her environment, therefore, by controlling the environment, superior character could be developed.

  34. New Harmony, IN First American kindergarten and free public school

  35. George Ripley (1802-1880) BROOK FARMWest Roxbury, MA 1841 “Plain Living & High Thinking” Transcendentalists Nathaniel Hawthorne was a resident; eventually it burns down

  36. The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848 • Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. • Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. • all residents married to each other. • carefully regulated free love.” John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886) • Silver plate, steel traps

  37. The Oneida Community Birth control, eugenic selection of parents, communal care of children Noyes had to flee to Canada to escape prosecution for adultery Survive for 30 years (silverware!) and then change in 1880 – no more communism / became monogamous

  38. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The Shakers • “If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in theregeneration, God will cleanse you from allunrighteousness. • Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries. • If you improve in one talent, God will give you more.” • God is dual sided – Christ is male side / Mother Ann Lee is female side

  39. Shaker Meeting Religious fervor is sign of inspiration from God!

  40. Men / women equal spiritually Celibacy So how did they survive so long? Longest lasting sect – until 1940……. Shaker Beliefs Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

  41. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

  42. ArtisticAchievements Gilbert Stuart, an AMERICAN painter Landsdowne Portrait George Washington, 1796 Portrait of George Washington, 1796

  43. Charles Wilson Peale

  44. Hudson River School: Romantic, grandiose AMERICAN landscapes Thomas Cole, The Oxbow - 1836 ROMANTICISM IN ART AND LITERATURE

  45. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.” • Truth “transcends” the senses. • “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe – man is divine. • Individualism in religion!

  46. Transcendentalist Thinking • Commitment to self-reliance, self-culture, self-discipline. • They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or any conventional wisdom • The role of the reformer was to restore man to the divinity God had given them. • So…. man can’t be held in slavery or have his mind corrupted by superstition or ignorance!

  47. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/WritersConcord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature(1832) Essay on Civil Disobedience(1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Walden(1854) “The American Scholar” (1837)

  48. The Transcendentalist Agenda • Give freedom to the slave. • Give well-being to the poor and the miserable. • Give learning to the ignorant. • Give health to the sick. • Give peace and justice to society.

  49. A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) • Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities:*The Blithedale Romance • One should accept the world as an imperfect place:*Scarlet Letter*House of the Seven Gables Hawthorne also held minor political offices under Van Buren, Polk, Pierce

  50. James Fenimore Cooper American themes Last of the Mohicans Walt Whitman Rambling, free-verse poetry Leaves of Grass Ralph Waldo Emerson Evolved the essay Henry David Thoreau Activity in nature Walden Pessimists - a dark view of human nature: Edgar Allen Poe Short story Terror, darkness The Raven Herman Melville Human psychology & struggles Moby Dick Nathaniel Hawthorne Also focused on human struggles Fascination with New England Puritans The Scarlett Letter Overview of Period Authors:

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