The New Power Balance, 1850-1900 Chapter 26

1. The New Power Balance, 1850-1900Chapter 26

2. New Technologies and the World Economy

3. Railroads • Every industrialized country had them by 1850s. • In non-industrialized countries they were using them for: • New land • Agriculture • Mining • Natural resources

4. Steamships and Telegraph Cables • Speed • Iron, steel, propellers, engines • Shipping Line • Submarine telegraph cables • Coordination of movement

5. The Steel and Chemical Industries • 19th century- steel production increased • 19th century- large scale manufacture of chemicals and invention of synthetic dyes and other new organic chemicals • Alfred Nobel’s invention of _______ was significant in civil engineering and more accurate firearms

6. Industrial chemistry • Germany

7. Electricity • 1870s investors devised mechanical energy into electricity. • What was this energy used for? • How did it help alleviate urban pollution? • Increased demand for copper, bringing Chile, Montana, and southern Africa more deeply into world economy.

8. World Trade and Finance • Between 1850 and 1913 world trade expanded tenfold; freight cost dropped __% to ___% • Worldwide shipping result • Great prosperity to W. Europe and U.S., but made them vulnerable to the business cycle. • Non-industrial areas were also tied to the world economy. They were even more vulnerable to the business cycle because they depended on export of raw materials. • Nevertheless, until ______, the value of exports from the tropical countries generally remained high, and the size of their populations remained moderate.

9. Social Changes

10. Population and Migrations • Between 1850 and 1914 Europe saw rapid population growth. Emigration from Europe to U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. • Population rose from __ to ___ world wide. • Reasons for European population growth:

11. Urbanization and Urban Environments • In the latter half of the nineteenth century European, North American, and Japanese cities grew tremendously both in terms of population and of size. • English Midlands • German Ruhr • Tokyo Bay

12. Urban growth was accompanied by changes in character of life • Mass transportation networks • Sewage and water supply systems • Police and fire dept. • Sanitation and garbage removal • Building and health inspection • Schools and parks • Neighborhoods • Rectangular grids • Industrial, commercial, residential zones

13. Urban Problems • Air pollution • Horse poop

14. Middle Class Women’s “Separate Sphere” • “separate sphere” • Victorian Age • Increase in standard of cleanliness • Raise children • Society frowned on careers for middle class women • Teachers • Suffrage movement, community service

15. Working Class Women • Lives of Pain • Domestic servants • Long hours • Hard physical labor • Sexual abuse • Most worked in textile factories • Married women were expected to stay at home, raise children, do housework, and contribute to family income.

16. Socialism and Labor Movements

17. Marx and Socialism • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles • Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867) • Class between rich and poor • Dissatisfaction with unregulated industrial capitalism • Marx wanted to translate his intellectual efforts into political action.

18. Labor Movements • Labor unions were formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers. • During the 19th century workers were brought into electoral politics as the right to ____ was extended to all adult ____ in Europe and North America (except Blacks). Instead of seeking the violent overthrow of the bourgeois class, socialists used their voting power to force concessions from the government and even win elections. • Social Democratic Party of Germany

19. Women • Very few involved in radical politics or unions. • Most were not welcome

20. Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy

21. Language and National Identity Before 1871 • Language was usually the crucial element of creating national unity. • Problems with redrawing borders • Threatened to break multiethnic empires • Austria-Hungary

22. Until the 1860s nationalism was associated with liberalism. What changed? • Conservative political leaders learned how to preserve the status quo by using public education, universal military service, and colonial conquests to build a sense of national identity that focused loyalty on the state.

23. The Unification of Italy, 1860-1870 • By the 19th century, popular sentiment favored Italian unification. • Pope Pius IX and Austria opposed unification • Austrians pushed out of northern Italy • Venetia and the Papal States added to Italy

24. The Unification of Germany, 1866-1871 • Until the 1860s German speaking people were divided among Prussia, west Austria, and numerous smaller states. • Prussia took initiative • Franco-Prussian War

25. Nationalism after 1871 • In many countries the dominant group used _______ to justify the imposition of its: _____, _____, or customs on minority population. • “Social Darwinism” • Derived from Charles Darwin’s “_______”

26. The Great Powers of Europe, 1871-1900

27. Germany at the Center of Europe • Otto von Bismark • forged a loose coalition with _____ and ______. • Strong sense of national unity and pride • Wilhelm II, German Emperor • Emphasis on ______.

28. The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain • France • Second rate army next to _______. • Divided between monarchist Catholics and republicans with anticlerical views • Popular participation in politics • Strong nationhood • Universal education

29. Britain • Stable government • Disparity in wealth • Expensive empire • Irish resentment of English rule • “splendid isolation”

30. The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary • Austrian nationalism weakened the Slavs and its domination of the Balkans undermined Russia. • Russian nationalism • Serfdom • State Industrialization • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 • led to Dama but..

31. Japan Joins the Great Powers, 1865-1905

32. China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867 • Ci Xi v. Tokugawa • In 1853, the American Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan with a fleet of steam powered warships and demanded that Japan open their ports to trade. • Response:

33. The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan, 1868-1894 • Meiji oligarchs • Reform: military, industrialization, science, engineering • History of adaptation • Raised money by:

34. The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1905 • Authoritarian constitutional monarchy • “sphere of influence” • Korea • Manchuria • China • Japan defeats China in 1894 • Hundred Days Reform • Competition with Russia • Japan defeats Russia 1905 • Japan annexed Korea 1910