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STEM CELLS

Explore stem cells, their potential, and cultural ties. Join the Summer Science Academy 2016 Nature Program. Discover the wonders of stem cells through discussions, activities, and a virtual lab. Learn about their impact on modern medicine and the importance of integrating traditional values. See how stem cells differentiate and benefit humans. Gain insight from Dr. Donald Warne on blending science with culture. Find out about embryonic vs. adult stem cells and the controversy surrounding their use. Uncover the various types of stem cells and their potential applications.

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STEM CELLS

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  1. STEM CELLS Summer Science Academy NATURE program 2016 Image source: http://give.brighamandwomens.org/pages/stem-cell-research

  2. Session Outline: Introduction and cultural connection Stem cell discussion Animal (human stem cells) Activity 1: research answers to stem cell questions 5. Stem cell discussion: plants 6. Activity 2: Culture your own stem cells 7. Activity 3: Virtual lab 8. Activity 4: Create your own video

  3. WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?Click arrow to start video

  4. Stem Cells and Cultural Traditions If you become ill and require stem cell transplants, here is a fact: CULTURE MATTERS How do modern medicine and cultural beliefs come to terms with each other? Image source: http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/health_tools/hypertension_overview_slideshow/photolibrary_rf_photo_of_doctor_with_medicine.jpg Image source: http://healthyfoodsecret.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Native-American-Medicine.jpg

  5. As a physician and traditional medicine person, Donald Warne, MD, MPH, has dedicated his career to resolving these issues. He synthesizes his medical training with his cultural knowledge. As a member of the Oglala Lakota tribe, he brings wisdom to science and science to culture. He understands the rituals of healing as well as the rigors of medical discipline and he respects ancient Native knowledge as well as cutting edge science. He honors the past and knows that the future is what counts.

  6. His thoughts on integrating traditional values with modern medicine:Click arrow to start video

  7. Stem Cell Discussion

  8. What is a Stem Cell? • Cells capable of becoming any type of cell in that organism and then making more of those cells • They are the first cells produced to form the animal or plant • Can differentiate (change into) to all of the various types of cells, such as nerves, muscles, bones, blood, skin, stems, leaves, roots, et al • We need stem cells to replace cells that die or become damaged, such as blood cells that live for only 3 months, skin cells that are always being sloughed off, cuts, broken bones, and damaged cells that could be in the lungs or heart

  9. Stem cells differentiate into specialized cells, just like a chunk of raw metal differentiates into specialized tools, such as nuts and bolts. Image source: http://www.proactiveinvestors.com.au/companies/news/49764/zinc-is-fourth-most-used-metal-asx-zinc-plays-49764.html Image source: http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-nuts-bolts-washers-image17521563

  10. Most specialized cells cannot make copies of themselves. Stem cells solve this problem by making new specialized cells. Image source: http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/stem-cell-possibilities.gif

  11. What Do Stem Cells do for Humans? • Make copies of themselves to insure you don’t run out of them, or you become very ill • In medicine, stem cells are used to replace defective or damaged cells caused by disease and impairment, such as Parkinson disease, heart disease, and diabetes • Can be used in place of organ transplants, instead of donor organs, which are hard to find • There are two major types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

  12. Embryonic stem cells taken from a blastocyst can differentiate into all of the different types of cells in your body • Adult (somatic) stem cells make only a few specific types of cells from the bone marrow, muscle, skin, and brain; are more specific and can only make the type of cell that they are – they do not differentiate. Example: skin cells can only produce other skin cells, blood only blood, nervous only other nerves, etc.

  13. What is a blastocyst? • Fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst at ~5 days • Stem cells develop within the inner cell mass (iCM) Image source: http://leavingbio.net/HUMAN%20REPRODUCTION-WEB_files/image020.gif

  14. Embryonic stem cells vs. Adult stem cells Give rise to all cell types Give rise only to specific cells Image source: http://www.impactaging.com/papers/v3/n5/full/100328.html Image source: http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/biotech_therapies/images/adult_stem_cells

  15. Do we have to use embryotic stem cells? • There is a lot of controversy regarding the use of embryos, therefore scientists are trying to find ways to differentiate adult stem cells • They have found a way to modify any cell from an adult (most commonly skin or blood) to make it behave like an embryonic stem cell. These are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS’s) • IPS cells are pluripotent, which means that they have the ability to differentiate into all adult cell types.

  16. There are four distinct terms used to identify stem cell processes: • Totipotent: immature stem cell that differentiates into all other cell types, umbilical cord, and placenta • Pluripotent: stem cell that differentiates into all cell types, but not an umbilical cord or placenta • Unipotent: Only give rise to that specific cell; ex. Skin only gives rise to skin (one type) • Multipotent: stem cell that gives rise to limited types of cells; blood – all types of blood related cells (more than one type); nerves – all types of nerve cells (more than one type)

  17. Image source: http://o.quizlet.com/3FyKnfTUC3RvKu6idfP8DQ_m.png

  18. Click arrow to start video

  19. ACTIVTY 1: Internet search of terms • Handout activity 1 • Students in groups of three • Use the internet and each other to answer the questions • To be completed in one hour • Classroom discussion 10 minutes

  20. Pause for activity 1

  21. Plants have their share of contributions to stem cell research • All tissues of the plant descend from small groups of stem cells located in their growing apices, within structures called the apical meristems • Like human stem cells, they have the ability to self-renew and replace specific plant cells in need of repair • Plants renew by forming clones, (genetically identical groups of cells derived from the same progenitor) • Like embryonic animal stem cells, plant stem cells are totipotent, meaning that they have the capacity to develop into any organ of the plant (leaf, flower, …) • Versatile, only one cell is enough to regenerate an entire plant

  22. Image source: https://zonecdn-futurederm.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/FUTUREDERM-Plant-Stem-Cells.png?b1144b

  23. Plant stem cells are easy to grow by placing a small piece of the plant structure on a good nutrient source Within a couple of weeks, the small sample of plant will produce stem cells, called a callus Once the callus develops, you can actually watch stem cells grow into all of the types of cells needed to create an entire new plant

  24. Cultivating new plants (clones) from stem cellsClick arrow to start video

  25. ACTIVITY 2: Culturing Stem Cells • Watch instructional video

  26. LUNCH: 30 minutesPause PowerPoint

  27. ACTIVITY 2: Culturing Stem Cells (practical) • Hand out lab exercise • Follow instructions on handout, recalling what you saw in the previous demonstration video • Seal plates to take home and watch as your stem cells appear and a cauliflower plant emerges! • You have 25 minutes to complete this activity

  28. Pause for activity 2

  29. ACTIVITY 3: Virtual lab • Handout for activity 3 • Get in groups of three • Go into the virtual lab on your handout and follow the instructions • You have 30 minutes to review the three labs

  30. Pause for activity 3

  31. ACTIVITY 4: Create video • Handout with instructions for activity 4 • Stay in your groups for this activity • You will have 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete the assignment

  32. Pause for activity 4

  33. Present videos

  34. Wrap-up:

  35. Future of stem cells: • We learned that stem cells are used to regenerate damaged cells but they have other functions as well • Stem cells can be cultured in labs to develop medicines rather than using animals or other sources • Using lab cultures, scientists can learn more about how stem cells work • Allow scientists to study DNA repair using stem cells to prevent birth defects • Can be used in agriculture to grow plants

  36. The future is vast and promising! Image source: http://stemcells.nih.gov/StaticResources/info/scireport/images/1_3.jpg

  37. REFERENCES: • Slide 3: Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPulEAryPO0 • Slide 5: Internet Source: http://www.kittyfarmer.com/donald.html • Slide 6: Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCDXs0Rtqn8 • Slide 8-9: Internet source: http://kidshealth.org/en/teens/stem-cells.html • Slide 18: Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUH5YI5dTOg • Slide 21: Internet source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755933 • Internet source: http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(05)00809- 3?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867405008093%3Fshowall%3Dtrue • Slide 23: Internet source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/cloning1.htm • Slide 24: Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkvGyxP849k • Slide 25: Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEbGnJnVuLI

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