Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7 Africa south of the Sahara

2. Africa south of the Sahara West Africa, South Africa, East Africa, Central Africa

3. Physical Features Most of all of Africa south of the Sahara lie on a series of plateaus Escarpments form waterfalls and rapids Waterfalls cuts through Africa to form steep-sided valleys which are called gorges. There are over 30 waterfalls in Central Africa along the Congo River which make travel difficult.

4. Physical Features Great Rift Valley was formed by movement of tectonic activity. Mt Kilimanjaro “shining mountain” is the highest peak in the region. People call the eastern side of the Drakensberg Range the “barrier of pointed spears” because it looks like spears. Congo Basin was formed by tectonic activity lifting the land surrounding it.

5. Waterways White Nile and the Blue Nile meet in Sudan to form the Nile River (longest river in the world) The Nile, the Congo, the Niger, and the Zambezi are the four major river systems in Africa. Lake Victoria provides freshwater and fish (largest lake) Lake Volta (manmade river) provides hydroelectric power Akosombo Dam provides hydroelectric power in Ghana and several West Africa countries.

6. Mineral Resources Petroleum deposits are along the Atlantic Coast Oil has replaced agriculture as the principal export Natural Gas can be found in Central Africa Gold is the major export in South Africa Diamonds is another major export in South Africa Industrial diamonds are used to make drills, saws, and grinding tools. Iron Ore is manufactured with chromium to make steel in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and parts ofWest and East Africa

7. Chapter 7 Section two Climate Regions Tropical wet, tropical dry, and mild or moderate climate

8. Tropical Wet Tropical wet is mostly along the equator Receives around 80 inches of rainfall every year Dense trees and lush vegetation (rain forest) Tropical flowers, fruits, monkeys, parrots, snakes, and insects. Ecotourism draw people to visit area Deforestation cause harm because of the cutting down of trees which can make land less fertile

9. Tropical Dry After you cross the rain forests there are less rainfall (drier land) and trees become few and far in between. Savannas- grasslands with scattered woods. Less rain– heavy in summer—light in the fall Elephants, lions, rhinoceroses, and giraffes lives in the region. Steppe Very few vegetation– less rainfall around 8 to 15 inches Land is threatened by desertification--

10. Tropical Dry Deserts—driest area high temperatures and little to no rainfall or vegetation Namib desert (rocks and dunes)is along the southwest coast is cooler than other deserts because of the ocean breezes Kalahari desert (very sandy) is located in the interior of southern Africa and has higher temperatures and little rainfall

11. Moderate Climate Coastal Southern Africa and highlands of East Africa Southeastern Africa--Humid subtropical hot and wet summers, and hot and wet winters— Southwestern Africa– Mediterranean Winters are wet and mild– Summers are warm and dry. Highlands of East Africa are cooler because of the higher altitude—mountainous region