Introduction to Cardiovascular and Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to cardio-vascular & respiratory anatomy

3. Lecture 1. Explain basic physiology and anatomy of cardiovascular system Lecture 2. Explain basic physiology and anatomy of respiratory system Introduce surface anatomy Group work. Examine anatomical models and answer some simple questions Plan of the afternoon

4. Cardiovascular system: Transports oxygen and nutrition to the cells Respiratory system: Provides oxygen to the blood stream Definitions:

6. Sugar + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + waterorC6H12O6 + O2 = e + CO2 + H20

7. Transport medium- blood- is circulated to the tissues by a Pump – the heart - through a Transport network - the vascular system [arteries, capillaries & veins] Regulation mechanisms Vascular System

8. Blood - fluid and cells Fluid - water and dissolved chemicals Cells – Red, which carry oxygen White of several types with a variety of functions, Platelets to aid clotting Transport medium

9. Pump is the heart, which is a muscular organ. Contraction of the muscular wall forces blood into the arterial system. Valves ensure unidirectional flow. Pump

10. Blood pumped by heart into Arteries [arterial tree] into Capillary network where diffusion to cells takes place and drains back into Veins and back to heart Transport network

11. Branching system of tubes of reducing diameters called arteries [larger] and arterioles [smaller] Organs perfused in parallel Thick, muscular walls, relatively indistensible. These tubes lead to the capillary network Arterial tree

12. Thin walled tubes, which penetrate all tissues so that every active cell in the body is within diffusion range. Lead to the venous system. Capillary network

13. Drains from the capillaries through tubes [smaller venules and larger veins ] of varying –increasing – diameter. Generally thin-walled and distensible. Returns blood to the heart The venous system

14. PUMP -> ARTERIAL TREE -> CAPILLARY NETWORK -> VENOUS SYSTEM -> PUMP Cardiovascular system

15. BUT!

16. Low solubility Little storage Arterial blood normally carries maximum quantity in haemoglobin Very short time that some tissues can survive without it, Oxygen problems

17. Arterial blood must be carrying the greatest possible amount of oxygen. ALL the cardiac output must be oxygenated before delivery to the tissues. All the cardiac output blood must pass through the lungs with each circulation Oxygen transport

18. Second [pulmonary] set of capillaries must be inserted into the main circuit Because of the resistance of the capillary network this in turn necessitates a second pump. PUMP 1 -> BODY-> PUMP 2 -> LUNGS -> PUMP 1 -> So

19. LEFT HEART -> SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION -> RIGHT HEART -> PULMONARY CIRCULATION -> LEFT HEART -> Cardiovascular system

20. Each pump has two chambers in series The first chamber on each side is called the atrium [pl atria] The second chamber is the ventricle and is the principal pumping mechanism Just to complicate matters further

21. Between RIGHT atrium and RIGHT ventricle TRICUSPID Between RIGHT ventricle and PULMONARY ARTEY PULMONARY Between LEFT atrium and LEFT ventricle MITRAL/BICUSPID Between LEFT ventricle and aorta AORTIC Heart Valves

22. Pulmonary Circulation to the alveoli Low pressure Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left heart to the capillaries, and deoxygenated blood from right side of the heart to the lungs Systemic Circulation to all the body except the alveoli High pressure Oxygenated blood from the left heart to the capillaries, and deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the right side of the heart Double Circulation

23. Circulation of the blood

24. Heart

25. Function – To allow gas exchange between blood and external atmosphere at blood gas interface Respiratory system

26. Respiratory system

27. Exchange takes place at thin membrane [alveolar-capillary membrane] Blood comes from pulmonary system, [right ventricle and pulmonary artery] Air comes from exterior through airways to microscopic air sacs called alveoli Respiratory system

28. Supporting framework, - THORAX Air channels- AIRWAY Blood supply Bellows to give tidal flow –MUSCLES Interface –ALVEOLAR MEMBRANE, Regulation mechanisms. Respiratory system,

29. Thorax

31. outer lining – the [visceral] pleura air-conducting system – the bronchial tree air blood interface – the alveoli blood supply from both sides of the heart supporting structures Lungs

32. Extends from exterior to alveoli Mouth/nose pharynx Larynx Trachea & bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Airway

33. Upper airway

34. Extends from exterior to lungs and consists of Mouth/nose to pharynx Larynx [voice-box] Trachea divides into two major Bronchi [s. bronchus] one of which enters each lung Extra-pulmonary airway

35. Main bronchi enter lung and divide into Lobar bronchi Inter-lobar bronchi Bronchioles Broncho-alveolar airways Alveoli Intra-pulmonary airway

36. Lower airway

37. Lower airway and lungs

38. Alveolar-capillary membrane

39. Lung in situ

40. Diaphragm External intercostals Internal intercostals Accessory muscles [sterno-cleido-mastoid, trapezius, scalenes] Respiratory muscles

41. Diaphragm

42. Respiratory muscles contract Volume of thorax increases Air drawn in Respiratory muscles relax Air expelled Respiratory cycle

43. Air is drawn into the lungs intermittently Blood is pumped to the capillary network in the lungs continually Gas exchange takes place at capillaries level – the in the lung Respiratory cycle

44. Respiratory system

46. Helps us identify deeper structures Bony points better then soft tissue Surface anatomy

47. In CPR - where to do compressions – xiphi-sternum Shows us where to listen to the heart And which parts of the lung we are examining And where to find liver or feel for the appendix Surface anatomy Some uses

48. Surface anatomy

49. Second intercostal space Apex of right atrium Bifurcation of trachea Root of aorta T4 Manubrio-sternal angle “Angle of Louis”