ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

1. ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 1

2. 2 • Living things need energy to survive and function. • You get the energy you need from the food you eat. • Where does that energy come from? • Sun  Plants  You !!!

3. ATP 3 • You must eat food to get energy (you are a heterotroph). • When you breakdown your food you store the energy in the bonds of ATP. • Plants can make their own food (they are autotrophs). • Plants store sunlight energy in the chemical bonds of glucose (a carbohydrate). glucose

4. 4 ATP: Energy Storage WHAT IS ATP? • Universal Energy Molecule • The cell’s “Energy Bank” • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) • Consist of • a sugar called ribose • N containing Adenine • Three phosphate groups

5. 5 ATP Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

6. 6 When the energy is used the ATP is converted intoADP P P ADP ATP Partially charged battery Fully charged battery The Bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH ENERGY. When a phosphate group is removed-energy is released CLIP

7. 7 Using ATP in Active Transport Animation

8. 8 ATP Breaking down Carbohydrates releases energy • Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates. • This means that the energy in carbohydrates is then stored in ATP until needed by cells. ADP ATP Energy from the Carbohydrates is stored in ATP!!!

9. 9 . ATP is the major energy link between energy-using and energy releasing reactions. CLIP

10. Trapping Energy 10 glucose Clip

11. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants: 11 • Use • sunlight, carbon dioxide & water • Produce • high energy carbohydrates such as sugars (glucose) &starches. Plants store sunlight energy in Glucose!

12. 12 Where does photosynthesis take place?

13. 13 Chloroplast Cell Stomata Leaf Structure Photosynthesis Location: The leaves of plants: a.stomata b.cells Goes in CO2

14. The Internal Structure of a Leaf 14 Section 23-4 CO2 enters through the stomata Epidermis Chloroplasts Stomata Goes in CO2 Guardcells

15. Chloroplast Structure 15 Using the energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts are able to formATP as well as synthesizing sugars from H20 & CO2. Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells.

16. Chloroplast Structure 16 Stroma Outer Membrane Thylakoid Inner Membrane Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

18. Chloroplast Structure Chloroplast Picture 17

19. Things to know about Chloroplasts • Have a double membranethe inner membranethe outer membrane • Have their own DNAthis carries the information to make the enzymes 18.1

20. Things to know about Chloroplasts • Have a double membranethe inner membranethe outer membrane • Have their own DNAthis carries the information to make the enzymes • Have theirown ribosomesmore like the ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotesmake their own enzymesrequired for photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose • Containchlorophyllthis green chemical (pigment) "traps" sunlight energy Pigments are molecules that absorb light energy 18.2

21. b • Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light. • Blue and Red. • Pigmentsare molecules that absorb light. • Main pigment isChlorophyll. • When they absorb light, they are absorbing Energy. a 19

22. 20 SUN Photosynthesis: Products &Reactants SUN Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Glucose & O2

23. Formula For Photosynthesis • 6 _____ + 6 ______ +__________ ______ + ______ Reactants Products 21

24. Photosynthesis Takes Place in 2 Steps. 22

25. The light reaction is the photopart of photosynthesis. 23 Step 1:Light Dependent Reaction. • Energy captured from Sunlight.  • H2O is split into H+, electrons, & Oxygen (O2).  • The O2 diffuses out of the Chloroplasts. • MADE:O2 , ATP & NADPH. • Takes place: Thylakoid

26. The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis. 24 Step 2:Light Independent Reaction(CALVIN CYCLE). • The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH is used to makeGlucoseusing CO2. • This is a light independent reaction. • MADE:Glucose • Takes place: Stroma Sunlight Water ATP NADPH Oxygen Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction This process is known as carbon fixation.

27. Photosynthesis: An Overview Water CO2 Sugars O2 LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION-Light Independent Section 8-3 Thylakoid Membrane Stroma SUNLIGHT Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Go to Section: 25

28. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Occurs in two Steps Light dependent Reaction Dark Reaction/ Calvin Cycle Occurs (location) Occurs (location) Produces Produces Oxygen ATP NADPH Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Glucose 26

29. PLANTS STOREENERGY FROM THE SUN IN THE BONDS OF GLUCOSE !!!! CLIP 27

30. Where does each reactant enter the plant??? 28

31. Once plants use light energy to form carbohydrates, other organisms, called Heterotrophs, can then use this carbohydrate energy for their own life processes. • One way carbohydrate energy is used by organisms is through the process of cellular respiration. Sun  Plants  You!! 29

32. Major Concept How it’s all connected.

33. Cellular Respiration 30

34. Breaking down food for energy. Cellular Respiration • Process that occurs in cells in whichcells break down Glucosefor ENERGY! • Occurs in cytoplasm and Mitochondria.  31

35. Cellular Respiration Overview: • Plants are producers and make glucose by the process of photosynthesis. • Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy. • There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration. 36 Breaking down food for energy. 32

36. Step 1: Glycolysis Step 2: Krebs CycleStep 3: Electron Transport Cellular Respiration Takes Place in 3 Steps. 33

37. 34 Step 1: Glycolysis • Means “Splitting Glucose” • Glycolysis starts with Glucose. • Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules calledPyruvate (aka pyruvic acid ). • Happens in theCytoplasm. • Clip • Glycolysis does not need oxygen!

38. 2 membranes • Own ribosomes • Own DNA Steps 2 & 3 Occur in the Mitochondria Mitochondria Anatomy 35

40. 36 In the presence of Oxygen:Step 2: Krebs CycleStep 3: Electron Transport • Happens in theMitochondria • Starts withPyruvate. • Pyruvate moves into the mitochondria and is broken down intoCO2,H2O&ATP.

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42. 38 With oxygen Cellular Respiration Review Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) 36 Go to Section:

43. 39 Breaking down glucose without oxygen Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis With out oxygen Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) EthanolandCarbon Dioxide Pyruvic Acid Go to Section: Lactic Acid

44. 40 Fermentation • Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation. • Lactic Acid- Muscle cells • Alcohol- Yeast

45. 41 • In the presence of oxygen: 1 Glucose is converted into 36 ATP. • Without oxygen: 1 Glucose is converted into 2 ATP. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

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47. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration 43

48. Energy Converters video. Click picture. 44