The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative: Challenges for automated driving

The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative:Challenges for automated driving Dr. R.(Raymond) G. Hoogendoorn Assistant Professor Delft University of Technology

1. Automated driving: definitions and impacts The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 2

The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative (DAVI) • What is the objective? • To investigate, improve and demonstrate automated driving on public roads

What is automated driving? • Driver assistance: • The driver permanently maintains either longitudinal or lateral control. The other task can be automated or advisory. • Partial automation: • The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control. The driver must still permanently monitor the system and be prepared to take over control. • High automation: • The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control. The driver is not required to permanently monitor the system, but must be prepared to resume manual control. • Full automation: • The system takes over longitudinal and lateral control. In case a take-over request is not carried out, the system will return to a minimal risk condition by itself.

What are the possible benefits of automated driving? Solve traffic jams by increased outflow Reduction in congestion Increase traffic stability Improved travel experience Towards an optimal distribution over the network Improved energy efficiency Increase in traffic safety (also VRU’s)

2. The Challenges The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 6

Challenges of automated driving • Four main challenges: • Technology; • Human Factors; • Traffic management applications; • Traffic safety and legal;

2a. Technology The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 8

Technology challenges • Environmental perception & communication; • Automated vehicles are required to be sufficiently aware of the driving environment as well as the interaction with other road users; • Sensing technologies are already capable of identifying other road users, obstacles, navigation paths, road signs and delineation (Broggi & Zani, 2011); • However, the reliability of sensing has to be quantified; • Furthermore the reliability has to be improved for real life conditions (e.g. adverse weather conditions and complex traffic scenarios);

Technology challenges2 • Automation control strategies; • Current control strategies mainly focus on longitudinal control (e.g., ACC); • Up to now, lateral control systems are predominantly advisory (Visvikis et al., 2008); • Automated control strategies have to be developed for: • Merging; • Lane changing; • Overtaking; • Testing of these control strategies in real life conditions;

Technology challenges3

2b. Human factors The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 12

Human factors challenges • In automated driving the human driver becomes a supervisor of a system instead of a manual controller of the vehicle; • In partial and high automation, a capable driver is still required to resume manual control; • Profound insight is needed into the quality of the determinants of the quality of the interaction of the driver with the automated vehicle; • Examples of the determinants are vigilance, driver workload and situation awareness (Brookhuis et al., 1991; Endsley, 1995);

Human factors challenges2 • Currently little knowledge is available on these determinants in case of driving in an automated vehicle under real life traffic conditions; • Most knowledge in relation to behavior is largely based on driving simulator studies; • Furthermore, traffic safety may be affected by adaptation effects in behavior of the surrounding manually driven vehicles (mixed traffic); • It is however not yet clear to what extent driving behavior of these vehicles is affected;

2c. Traffic management The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 15

Traffic management challenges • The advent of V2I and V2V in combination with automated vehicles offers a vast range of possibilities to increase traffic flow efficiency; • E.g., platooning and lane specific control; • Rao and Varaiya (1994): framework for controlling the movement of platoons; • Steady state flow of over 6000 veh/hr; • Knoop et al. (2012): lanes are generally underutilized; • Furthermore, currently traffic management measures often result in suboptimal performance since drivers disregard advice or comply imprecisely (Risto & Martens, 2011);

Traffic management challenges2 • A complication is however that until now studies on automated traffic management have predominantly been investigated using microscopic simulation studies; • E.g., Wang et al., 2012; Schakel et al., 2010; Park et al., 2011; • Empirical verification of the assumptions underlying these theories and models on the behavior of automated vehicles and drivers in dynamic manoeuvers is urgently needed;

2d. Traffic safety and legal challenges The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 18

Traffic safety and legal challenges • The reliability of the sensors and human aspects can be used to quantify benefits in terms of traffic safety; • However, an adequate quantification of traffic safety does not yet exist; • Benefits in terms of traffic safety is envisaged to be explored using microscopic simulation studies; • However, currently models are predominantly accident free. New models are needed!

Traffic safety and legal challenges2 • But also many legal challenges are ahead; • The vehicle should be offered to the Dutch vehicle approval authority for admittance on public roads; • Finally substantial challenges exist in terms of liability… • Who is legally responsible when a crash involving an automated vehicle occurs?

3. A closer look at DAVI The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 21

The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative • Delft University of Technology; • Transport Institute; • Robotics Institute; • Connekt: • Dutch Transport and Automotive sector; • RDW: • Legalization of automated driving; • TNO and Toyota Motor Europe; • Many Dutch and selected international partners; • But we are always looking for new partners!!!

The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative2 • Partners investigating automation Since 1990ties • Inception DAVI March 2013 • DAVI grant proposals June 2013 • First full time DAVI researcher August 2013 • Official Launch Innovatie-estafette November 2013

4. Thank you for your attention! The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative 25

The Dutch Automated Vehicle Initiative: Challenges for automated driving