The Sixties

1. The Sixties Cold War, Vietnam, Hippies, and Beatlemania

2. U-2 Incident • May 1960: U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Soviet territory • Huge embarrassment for Eisenhower Administration – lead to heightened tensions

3. Cuba • 1960: Castro nationalized approximately $1 Billion in properties owned by US companies and civilians • Eisenhower responded by imposing a trade embargo

4. Cuba • The CIA began to secretly train Cuba exiles for an invasion of Cuba

5. JFK • 1960: John F. Kennedy was elected US president

6. JFK Kennedy had ran against Richard M. Nixon, who had been Eisenhower’s Vice-President They held the first televised Presidential debate. Citizens that watched on TV said that Kennedy won and citizens that listened on the radio said that Nixon won.

7. Bay of Pigs • Kennedy approved the plans for the invasion of Cuba in 1961 • Approximately 1500 Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs

8. Bay of Pigs • Though the exiles were promised air support, it never came and Castro’s forces were waiting for them on the shore • The invasion was a complete failure and embarrassment for the Kennedy Administration

9. Kennedy and Khrushchev • June, 1961 Kennedy and Khrushchev met, but could not come to an agreement over any main issues and concerns. Kennedy’s last words to Khrushchev were that it would be a cold winter.

10. Berlin Wall • Aug 13, 1961: In order to stop the flow of East Germans flooding to the west, the communists erected a wall overnight. • The Berlin wall would become a symbol of the Cold War.

11. Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962 US spy planes discovered nuclear missiles in Cuba. • Kennedy announced the threat to the nation and called for a naval blockade around Cuba.

12. Cuban Missile Crisis • Kennedy also declared that a Cuban attack on any nation in the western hemisphere would be considered a USSR attack on the US.

13. Range of Missiles

14. Cuban Missile Crisis • Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles • In return, the US agreed not to attack Cuba and to remove older missiles from Turkey

15. Cuban Missile Crisis • The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war.

16. Vietnam War • Since 1893, France had control of all of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. This territory was known as French Indochina • 1930: Moscow trained revolutionary Ho Chi Minh established the ICP (Indochinese Communist Party)

17. Ho Chi Minh

18. Vietnam • Much of the French influence in Indochina was ceded to the Japanese during WWII. • During this time Ho Chi Minh organized the Viet Minh, which emphasized nationalistic aims, not strictly communist goals • During WWII, Viet Minh actually collaborated with US forces in order to defeat the Japanese and Ho Chi Minh was made a special OSS agent

19. Vietnam • After Japan’s surrender, the Viet Minh declared northern Vietnam an independent republic known was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) • The French, however, wanted to remain in control of Vietnam and quickly sent troops throughout southern Vietnam

20. Vietnam • An agreement was reached for France to have troops in Northern Vietnam in return for recognizing the DRV as a free state within a French federation.

21. Vietnam • In 1946, war broke out between the French and Viet Minh • The attack was the result of failed negotiations. • This became known as the First Indochina War

22. Vietnam • Despite requests from Ho Chi Minh for the United States to recognize Vietnamese independence, the US supported and aided the French military

23. Vietnam • The war was fought from 1946 until 1954. • In 1954, there was a call for peace negotiations. • The Viet Minh believed they needed a decisive victory in order to strengthen their position.

24. Vietnam • In March, they attacked the French outpost at Dien Bien Phu. • On May 7, Dien Bien Phu fell – one day before the talks began.

25. Vietnam • The loss caused the French to negotiate peace agreements. The war ended in July, 1954. • The agreement, known as the Geneva Accords, temporarily divided Vietnam into two separate cease-fire zones.

26. Vietnam • 1959: North Vietnamese adopt a policy of revolutionary war in order to reunite the country • 1960: National Liberation Front (NLF) organized in South Vietnam in order to overthrow South Vietnamese government

27. Kennedy • Despite much urging among advisors, Kennedy refused to send US troops into battle • Kennedy was assassinated November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald.

28. Lyndon B. Johnson • Johnson was Kennedy’s Vice-President • He was sworn into the presidency on November 22, 1963, a mere 2 hours after Kennedy’s assassination

29. Lyndon B. Johnson

30. Vietnam • 1964 – Johnson approved top-secret, covert operations against North Vietnamese territory • Johnson also ordered the navy to conduct surveillance missions and increased the secret bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos

31. Vietnam • August 1964: US ships penetrated North Vietnamese territory in the Gulf of Tonkin and were fired at by north Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is passed which handed over war making powers to Johnson

32. Vietnam • 1965: United States escalates war by sending in troops – 80,000 in 1965 and 543,000 by the end of the decade • During this period, casualties on both sides were mounting and a strong anti-war movement developed in the US

33. Tet Offensive • 1968: In order to crush the south and strengthen the anti-war movement, the north launched a simultaneous attack on almost every major South Vietnamese city. • The attack was known as the Tet Offensive

34. Tet Offensive • Tet is the festival of the Vietnamese lunar new year • It took South Vietnamese and US troops by surprise because of a holiday truce

35. Tet Offensive • The Tet Offensive resulted in very heavy casualties for the North and ultimately failed. • However, do to media coverage and US losses, the call for the US to leave strengthened.

36. Tet Offensive • After the Tet Offensive, US General William Westmoreland was replaced by General Abrams. Westmoreland had never lost a battle. • President Johnson decided not to seek re-election

37. Richard M. Nixon • November 1968, Richard Nixon elected US President

38. Space Race: Man in Space • 1957/1958: Sputnik 2 launches first animal (dog) in space, Laika. • 1959: US sends two monkeys into space • April 1961: Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin - first man in space and first to orbit earth

39. Space Race: Man in Space • May 1961: Alan Shepard – first American in space • 1962: John Glenn – first American to orbit earth • 1963: USSR - first country to send a woman into space

40. Space Race: Man in Space 1965: USSR first space walk January 1967: 3 Astronauts die when Apollo 1 catches fire during a rehearsal 1967: Vladimir Komarov is killed as his spacecraft, Soyuz 1, crashes to Earth

41. Space Race: Man in Space • 1968: US - first manned orbit of the moon • July 20, 1969: Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil Armstrong and “Buzz” Aldrin - first men to walk on the moon. • The US had won the Space Race

42. Domestic Affairs Kennedy’s social, economic, and educational policies were known as the New Frontier