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Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1

Course RF100. Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Wireless Industry Intro. Modulation Techniques Mult. Access Methods Wireless system Architectures RF Propagation Physics Mechanisms Models Link Budgets Margins Pred. Tools

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Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1

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  1. Course RF100 Wireless CDMA RF Engineering: Week 1 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  2. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday • Wireless Industry Intro. • Modulation Techniques • Mult. Access Methods • Wireless system Architectures • RF Propagation • Physics • Mechanisms • Models • Link Budgets • Margins • Pred. Tools • Meas. Tools • Wireless Antennas • Intro: Principles • Families/Types • Choosing the right antenna • Selecting ants. • Other devices • Tests/Problems • Traffic Engineering • Units, principles • Traffic tables • Wireless appls. • Introduction to CDMA • Spread Sp. Principles • CDMA’s Codes • Fwd & Rev Channels • System Architecture • Power Control • Phone Architecture • Handoff Process • Ec/Io, Eb/No • phone’s limitations • Call Processing • CDMA Messages • CDMA Flow Examples • Critical CDMA Issues • Interference control • Managing Soft HO% • Capacity constraints • Forward big picture • Reverse big picture • Sys Architecture details • Lucent • Nortel • Motorola • System Growth Mgt. • Stopgap measures • Longterm strategies • Multiple carriers • Intercarrier Handoff • Intro to Optimization • Perspectives • Bottom-up: mobile • Top-down: OMs • Survey of Tools • Performance Goals • Design Implications Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 • Optimization Overview • RF100 Fast Review • General Q&A • Meet the CDMA performance indicators • Signatures of CDMA transmission problems • The classic CDMA death scenario • Introduction to Performance Data • System-side tools and their implications • Intro to Mobile Tools • Collection Tools • Grayson, LCC, HP • PN Scanners • HP, Grayson, Berkeley • Post-processing • Analyzer, DeskCat • Drive-test Demo files • Grayson • LCC • Intro to Post-Processing • Analyzer, DeskCat • Handsets as test tools • Drive-Test Demo Lab • RSAT/Collect 2000! • Grayson Inspector • Data Analysis and Post-Processing • Analyzer, DeskCat • what events did you see? • Identifying root causes • Parameter & configuration changes • Operators’ Corporate RF Benchmarking Overview • PN Scanner Lab • HP, Grayson, Berkeley • Gathering data, interpreting problems • Applied Optimization • common scenarios Integrated RF/CDMA/Performance Training Course RF100: RF Introduction, CDMA Principles, Understanding System Design & Performance Issues Course RF200: Optimization Principles, Tools, Techniques, and Real-Life Examples/Exercises RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  3. MTS, IMTS RF100 Chapter 1 Wireless Systems: How did we get here? What’s it all about? RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  4. N S U LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY Radio Hasn’t Been Around Long! Days before radio..... • 1680 Newton first suggested concept of spectrum, but for visible light only • 1831 Faraday demonstrated that light, electricity, and magnetism are related • 1864 Maxwell’s Equations: spectrum includes more than light • 1890’s First successful demos of radio transmission RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  5. Samuel F. B. Morse at the peak of his career Submarine Cable Installation news sketch from the 1850’s Field Telegraphy during the US Civil War, 1860’s First Wired Communication: Telegraphy • Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a sea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years, and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he patented in 1837. • Derivatives of Morse’ binary code are still in use today • The US Congress funded a demonstration line from Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844. • 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming into use. The railroads soon were using them for train dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide • 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  6. Alexander Graham Bell and his phone from 1876 demonstration Telephone Line Installation Crew 1880’s Wired Communication for Everyone: Telephony • By the 1870’s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for granted by the public, government, and business. • In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voices over wires. • Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late 1890’s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  7. Guglielmo Marconi radio pioneer, 1895 MTS, IMTS Lee De Forest vacuum tube inventor Radio Milestones • 1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of existance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies • 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy • 1897: the British fund Marconi’s development of reliable radio telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM • 1902: Marconi’s successful trans-Atlantic demonstration • 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio • 1906: Lee De Forest invents “audion”, triode vacuum tube • feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals • 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I • 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting • 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of incoming German planes during WW II • 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony - MTS, Mobile Telephone System • 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical • 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service • 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs • 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial systems RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  8. AM LORAN Marine 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz 3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz 30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 Hz VHF LOW Band VHF TV 2-6 FM VHF VHF TV 7-13 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz 300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz Cellular DCS, PCS UHF UHF TV 14-69 GPS 0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz 3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz Mobile Telephony Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Terrestrial Microwave Satellite Overview of the Radio SpectrumFrequencies Used by Wireless Systems 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz 30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x1010 Hz RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  9. 333 MSAs 300+ RSAs Development of North American Cellular • In the late 1970’s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission) allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile telephony. • FCC adopted Bell Lab’s AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) standard, creating cellular as we know it today • The USA was divided into 333 MSAs (Metropolitan Service Areas) and over 300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas) • In 1987, FCC allocated an additional 10 MHz. of “expanded spectrum” • By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at least one system operating. • In the 1990’s, additional technologies were developed for cellular • TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide) • CDMA (IS-95) • US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees (typically $10,000’s) were charged to cover license administrative cost RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  10. Uplink Frequencies (“Reverse Path”) Downlink Frequencies (“Forward Path”) Frequency, MHz 890 894 824 835 845 849 870 880 A B Paging, ESMR, etc. A B 825 869 891.5 846.5 Ownership and Licensing Frequencies used by “A” Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies Frequencies used by “B” Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Wireline companies North American Cellular Spectrum • In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted • “A” licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only • “B” licenses awareded to existing telephone companies only • subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  11. 51 MTAs 493 BTAs PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA A D B E F C unlic. data unlic. voice A D B E F C 15 5 15 5 5 15 15 5 15 5 5 15 1850 MHz. 1910 MHz. 1930 MHz. 1990 MHz. Development of North America PCS • By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously overloaded and looking for capacity relief • The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum around 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephony known as PCS (Personal Communications Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed services • allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses were auctioned to highest bidders • PCS Licensing and Auction Details • A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas ) • Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995) • C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas) • C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996) • Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology • About half the C-block winners were unable to pay for their licenses. These openings will be reauctioned in early 1999 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  12. Sprint PCS CDMA AT&T Wireless IS-136 Primeco CDMA Aerial Western Wireless OmniPoint GSM Pacific Bell BellSouth Powertel Major PCS Auction Winners The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies • Sprint PCS • Began as partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable • Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks • Sprint won D and/or E blocks in remaining markets • CDMA: Mix of Nortel, Lucent, Motorola • AT&T Wireless Systems • Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks • will combine and integrate service between its new PCS 1900 systems and its former McCaw cellular 800 MHz. properties • IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment • Other CDMA Operators • Primeco: partnership of various operators • GTE, others • GSM Operators • Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE, Powertel, Pacific Bell • Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel networks • For auction details, check www.fcc.gov RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  13. Radio Communication Systems HFAmateur Marine Military VHFLand Mobile Mobile Telephony30-50MHz 150MHz 450MHz 800MHz 1900MHz Microwave Point-to-Point Microwave Satellite RADAR FM Bcst100MHz AM Bcst1MHz VHF-TV Bcst UHF-TV Bcst Modulation CW AM FSK FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK Devices Spark Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI, ASICS 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Time Progress in Radio Technology DevelopmentSystems, Signals, & Devices RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  14. Standards Evolution MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz 450MHz AMPS800MHz N_AMPS D-AMPS CDMA PCS1900MHz GSM CDMA AMPS, etc ESMR800MHz Technology Evolution Analog AM, FM Digital Modulation DQPSK GMSK Access Strategies FDMA TDMA CDMA Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI, ASICs System Capacity Evolution - Users Dozens Hundreds 100,000’s 1,000,000’s AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA) ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio PCS-1900 = Personal Communication Systems FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access Evolution of Wireless TelephonyStandards, Technologies, & Capacity 1960 1990 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  15. Technology: Analog Digital System Organization: Centralized Distributed Cost per Subscriber System Capacity System Complexity Radio Frequencies Used Time Trends in Radio Communications Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

  16. End of Section RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter v1.1

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