Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Part 1: A New Spirit: Expansion

2. The Election of 1816 • James Monroe was elected president, Democrat-Republican • Federalists finished as a political party • Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe were all from Virginia; they became known as the Virginia Dynasty

3. The New Nation Looks Westward • Great population growth happened as well as gaining new lands • Indiana was admitted as a state in 1816 • Mississippi became a state in 1817 • Illinois in 1818 • Alabama in 1819 • United States now has 22 states

4. Westerners Were Different • In the west there was a huge difference in people • In the west people were equal, they helped and protected each other • It was difficult, lonely, dangerous, and required a lot of work to live in the west • This spirit that spawned from the west became known as “nationalism” • Henry Clay brought it to congress

5. Frontier states had problems • Four big problems in the west: • Needed roads for transportation • Land prices needed to be inexpensive and regulated by government • People needed loans from banks • Markets for farm goods needed protection from the government

6. Chapter 9 Part 2: The South

7. Farming in the south • Southern conditions were great for farming with long growing seasons, abundant rainfall, and broad, fertile lowlands • Grew lots of cash crops such as: cotton, rice, sugar, tobacco, indigo, and hemp • The south had to buy most of their manufactured goods from Europe, and with tariffs added to these good it made for high prices

8. King cotton in the south • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 • The gin separated the cotton from the seeds • Before the gin cotton was not very profitable, it took lots of slave labor to separate • After the gin it became very profitable and cotton became know as either “King Cotton” or “White Gold” • Cotton was the king of the south and lots of slaves were needed to work it

9. Northern states develop industry • Industry has always been large in the northern states • They wanted the government to keep European good out of the U.S. to help industry grow • View points were being heard from three separate regions: • Southern states • Western frontier • Northern New England States

10. Chapter 9 Part 3: Monroe’s Leadership

11. Monroe’s cabinet • Due to the growing sectionalism amongst the states Monroe chose his cabinet very carefully: • Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts • Secretary of War: John C. Calhoun of South Carolina • Secretary of the Treasury: William Crawford of Georgia • He chose his cabinet to represent all sections of the country to make all happy

12. The era of good feelings • Two terms of Monroe were called “the era of good feelings” • Monroe was elected to a second term with all the electoral votes except 1 • One vote was given to the other candidate just to keep George Washington as the only president ever elected unanimously

13. Spanish Florida • Trouble along the Georgia-Florida line • Complaints of Indian attacks from Florida • Indians taking slaves • Spanish encouraging slaves to escape to Florida

14. Monroe Takes Action • John C. Calhoun put Andrew Jackson in charge of settling the matter • Jackson put together an force • Led the attack into Florida and captured the Spanish stronghold of Pensacola, Florida • Spanish were upset by this action • Adams-Onis Treaty came out of this • Spain gave all of Florida to the U.S. for $5 million

15. Chapter 9 Part 4: Slavery

16. Slavery becomes an issue • By 1819 western settlers had added 4 states: • Indiana • Mississippi • Illinois • Alabama • Next Missouri asked to be added as the 12th slave state due to its slave count • There were 11 slave states and 11 free states, power in the senate was balanced between the North and South until Missouri wanted to join • This created problems with the North and debate was heated

17. The Debate continues • Missouri would be the first slave state west of the Mississippi River • North afraid that slavery would spread through the whole Louisiana region • South afraid that if it was admitted as a free state then it would destroy the slavery system currently used • Debate became very heated, because which every side Missouri joined would determine who had power in the government

18. Maine seeks statehood • Debate continued for several months • Maine asked to join as a state during this time; a free state • This could solve the problems • Henry Clay, who became known as “The Great Compromiser” came up with a plan to satisfy both sides

19. The Missouri compromise • Statehood for Missouri and Maine combined • Missouri would be allowed as a slave state • Maine would join as a free state • This would provide 12 free states and 12 slave states • Also no slavery would be allowed north of the 36° 30’ of the Louisiana Territory; except Missouri • This resolved this issue temporarily

21. Chapter 9 Part 5: Other Problems

22. European Problems • European colonies wanted to revolt against their mother countries and become free as America • American continent began to rebel against their governments

23. Americans Become Alarmed • Many of the European countries agreed to send powerful armies and fleets to regain control of their colonies in North and South America • British didn’t take part in the agreement, because trade was very profitable for them and if they joined that would come to an end

24. The British make a proposal • George Canning, British foreign secretary, suggested England and American join together and form a warning to all European countries to stay out of Latin America • Most agreed, however the president was talked out of it and into creating our own warning called the “Monroe Doctrine”

25. The Monroe doctrine • Announced his doctrine during annual message to congress • It stated that any European country that tried to extend its influence in the western hemisphere would be taken as a threat to the safety of the U.S. • British not happy about the Americans doing this on their own • Europe didn’t take seriously, however didn’t act until years later

26. Chapter 9 Part 6: Election Time

27. The election of 1824 • Due to the sectionalism occurring in the America at this time; the West, North, and South all wanted different leadership of the country • This created 5 candidates that would run for presidency in this election • Virginia Dynasty was about to end as well as the Southern Influence

28. The presidential candidates • Nominations: • New England – John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts) • Henry Clay • South had two candidates – William Crawford (Georgia) - John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) • However, Calhoun decided to withdraw from the running and support the very popular Andrew Jackson

29. Do you recognize this man? • This man is on a well known American item, what is it? • It is used frequently in many places you may go. • He of course was one of our presidents and a very famous general.

30. Majority and Plurality • We need to understand these two terms to understand the election results • Majority is when somebody gets over 50% of the votes in an election • Plurality is when somebody gets the most votes however it is not more than 50% • Of the 261 electoral votes: • Jackson = 99 • Adams = 84 • Crawford = 40 • Clay = 37 • Jackson had plurality however not majority • Due to this the House of Representatives would vote on the top three candidates and choose the winner

31. The House of Representatives Must Decide • Henry Clay was eliminated because he had the least votes • Because Crawford only had 40 votes he was also not a popular candidate • Henry Clay didn’t want Jackson to be president so he worked hard to persuade others that he should not be president • It worked, John Q. Adams was chosen as president • Jackson was angry and felt that Adams and Clay worked against him; he vowed to win the next election