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Department of Chemistry CHEM1010 General Chemistry ***********************************************

Department of Chemistry CHEM1010 General Chemistry *********************************************** Instructor: Dr. Hong Zhang Foster Hall, Room 221 Tel: 931-6325 Email: hzhang@tntech.edu. CHEM1010/General Chemistry _________________________________________ Chapter 5. (16)-Chemical Bonds.

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Department of Chemistry CHEM1010 General Chemistry ***********************************************

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  1. Department of Chemistry CHEM1010 General Chemistry *********************************************** Instructor: Dr. Hong Zhang Foster Hall, Room 221 Tel: 931-6325 Email: hzhang@tntech.edu

  2. CHEM1010/General Chemistry_________________________________________Chapter 5. (16)-Chemical Bonds • Today’s Outline ..Review of ionic bond ..Covalent bond: Shared electron pair(s), Equal sharing ..Covalent bond: Shared electron pair(s), Unequal sharing ..Covalent bond: Multiple bonds ..Names of covalent compounds or molecules ..Polyatomic molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane ..Polyatomic ions

  3. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Building Your Chemical Vocabulary Nitric acid: HNO3 Chock: CaSO4 Carbonic acid: H2CO3 Hydrogen peroxide: H2O2

  4. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Review of ionic bond ..Ionic bond typically occurs to a combination of a metal atom and a non-metal atom to form an ionic compound or molecule: 2Hg(l) + O2(g) = 2HgO(s) Hg: silvery liquid metal O2: invisible gas Cl2 + 2Na = 2NaCl Cl2: greenish gas, typical non-metal Na: typical metal

  5. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Review of ionic bond ..Nature of ionic bond: Electrostatic attraction between cations and anions ..Octet outer shell electron configuration 8 electrons in the outmost shell, most stable, the configuration of the noble gases ..Octet rule: Metals tend to loose electron(s) to achieve the octet outer shall electron configuration, while non-metals tend to gain electrons to achieve the octet outer shall electron configuration. ..Only valence electron configuration is needed.

  6. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Covalent bond: Shared electron pair(s), equal share, nonpolar ..Non-polar covalent bond occurs to the molecules of the identical atoms: H· + ·H = H:H = H2 one pair .. .. .. .. :O: + :O: = :O::O: = O2 two pair .. .. .. .. :Cl· + ·Cl = :Cl:Cl: = Cl2 one pair .. .. .. .. ..Again, only valence electron configuration is needed.

  7. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Covalent bond: Shared electron pair(s), equal share, nonpolar Hence, by sharing the electrons, each atom thus has an octet electron configuration. ..Covalent bond: The bond formed by a shared pair of electrons ..Bonding pair: The shared pair of electrons ..Nonbonding pair: The unshared pair of electrons ..Non-polar covalent bond: Both atoms have the same hold on the electrons, so the shared electrons are evenly held by each atom, no preference.

  8. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Covalent bond: Shared electron pair(s), unequal share, polar .. Polar covalent bond occurs to the molecules of atoms of somewhat different kinds (not strongly different), usually non-metals .. .. H· + ·Cl: = H:Cl: one pair .. .. H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl ..Unequal sharing: Cl atom has more attraction to the electrons than H atom, more electronegative Cl atom would have a bit more negative charge, while H atom would have a bit more positive charge

  9. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Covalent bond: Multiple bonds .. .. single bond, H:H (H2), :Cl:Cl: (Cl2) .. .. .. .. double bond, :O:O: (O2) .. .. .. .. triple bond, N:::N (N2)

  10. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Polyatomic covalent compounds and molecules .. Water, H:O:H 8 – 6 = 2 bonds .. .. Ammonia, H:N:H 8 – 5 = 3 bonds .. H Methane, H 8 – 4 = 4 bonds .. H:C:H .. H

  11. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Names of covalent compounds and molecules ..Common names from everyday life water, ammonia, methane ..Use of prefix N2O4, dinitrogen tetraoxide NO2, nitrogen dioxide NO, nitrogen oxide (nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide) CO, carbon monoxide CO2, carbon dioxide SCl2, sulfur dichloride SF6, sulfur hexafluoride P2O5, diphosphorous pentoxide CrO3, chromium trioxide

  12. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds • Polyatomic ions hydroxide .. .. e- + ·O· + ·H = [:O:H]- .. .. lye, a strong base, NaOH = Na+ + OH- ..See table 5.4 on pp.135 of the textbook for more polyatomic ions, both cations and anions

  13. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Covalent bond is formed by (a) sharing one or more pairs of protons between atoms; (b) sharing one or more pairs of neutrons between atoms; (c) sharing one or more pairs of valence electrons between atoms; (d) sharing one or more inner shell electrons between atoms.

  14. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Covalent bonds typically occur to the molecules of (a) typical metal atom(s) and typical non-metal atom(s); (b) identical atoms or atoms of somewhat different atoms; (c) any kinds of atoms; (d) none of above.

  15. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which covalent bond is polar? Is it (a) the bond between two identical atoms; (b) the bond between a non-metal atom and a metal atom; (c) the bond between two electrons; (d) the bond between two atoms that are somewhat different but not strongly different. .

  16. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which covalent bond is non-polar? Is it (a) the bond between two identical atoms; (b) the bond between a non-metal atom and a metal atom; (c) the bond between two electrons; (d) the bond between two atoms that are somewhat different but not strongly different. .

  17. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which of the following molecules has covalent bond? Is it (a) NaCl; (b) H2O; (c) CaO; (d) MgCl2.

  18. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which of the following molecules has polar covalent bond? Is it (a) KCl; (b) H2O; (c) H2; (d) Cl2.

  19. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which of the following molecules has non-polar covalent bond? Is it (a) AgCl; (b) H2O; (c) N2; (d) HF.

  20. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which of the following molecules has a single covalent bond? Is it (a) AgCl; (b) O2; (c) N2; (d) HF.

  21. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which of the following molecules has a double covalent bond? Is it (a) AgCl; (b) O2; (c) Cl2; (d) HBr.

  22. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which of the following is a polyatomic cation? Is it (a) Br-; (b) NO3-; (c) NH4+; (d) PO43-.

  23. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which of the following is a polyatomic anion? Is it (a) Na+; (b) SO42-; (c) NH4+; (d) Cl-.

  24. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right molecular formula for a covalent compound or molecule, bromine trifluoride? Is it (a) Br3F; (b) BrF2; (c) BrF; (d) BrF3.

  25. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right molecular formula for a covalent compound or molecule, tetraphosphorous trisulfide ? Is it (a) S4P3; (b) S3P4; (c) P3S4; (d) P4S3.

  26. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right name for N2S4? Is it (a) nitrogen sulfide; (b) tetranitrogen disulfide; (c) Dinitrogen tetrasulfide; (d) non of above.

  27. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right name for PF5? Is it (a) phosphorous fluoride; (b) pentaphosphorous fluoride; (c) phosphorous pentafluoride; (d) non of above.

  28. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right name for NaNO3? Is it (a) sodium nitrite; (b) sodium nitrate; (c) sodium nitrogen; (d) nitrogen sodium.

  29. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right name for K2SO4? Is it (a) potassium sulfate; (b) potassium sulfide; (c) potassium sulfur oxygen; (d) dipotassium sulfur tetraoxygen.

  30. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right name for K2CO3? Is it (a) potassium carbon; (b) potassium carbonate; (c) potassium bicarbonate; (d) dipotassium carbon trioxygen.

  31. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right name for KHCO3? Is it (a) potassium carbon; (b) potassium carbonate; (c) potassium bicarbonate; (d) dipotassium carbon trioxygen.

  32. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right name for KNO2? Is it (a) potassium nitrogen; (b) potassium nitrite; (c) potassium nitrate; (d) dipotassium nitrogen dioxide.

  33. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right molecular formula for sodium bicarbonate? Is it (a) NaCO3; (b) Na2CO3; (c) NaHCO3; (d) NaCO.

  34. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right molecular formula for hydrogen sulfide? Is it (a) HS; (b) SH; (c) H2S; (d) HS2.

  35. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right molecular formula for potassium hydroxide? Is it (a) KH; (b) KO; (c) HKO; (d) KOH.

  36. Chapter 5. (L16)-Chemical Bonds Quiz Time Which is the right molecular formula for calcium hydroxide? Is it (a) CaOH; (b) CaO; (c) HCaO; (d) Ca(OH)2.

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