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EKG Basics

EKG Basics. OVERVIEW OF EKG AND TELEMETRY. Outline. Review of the conduction system EKG waveforms and intervals EKG leads Determining heart rate Determining QRS axis. The Normal Conduction System. What is an EKG?.

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EKG Basics

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  1. EKG Basics OVERVIEW OF EKG AND TELEMETRY

  2. Outline • Review of the conduction system • EKG waveforms and intervals • EKG leads • Determining heart rate • Determining QRS axis

  3. The Normal Conduction System

  4. What is an EKG? The electrocardiogram (EKG) is a representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle. Each event has a distinctive waveform, the study of which can lead to greater insight into a patient’s cardiac pathophysiology.

  5. What types of pathology can we identify and study from EKGs? • Arrhythmias • Myocardial ischemia and infarction • Pericarditis • Chamber hypertrophy • Electrolyte disturbances (i.e. hyperkalemia, hypokalemia) • Drug toxicity (i.e. digoxin and drugs which prolong the QT interval)

  6. Waveforms and Intervals

  7. EKG Leads Leads are electrodes which measure the difference in electrical potential between either: 1. Two different points on the body (bipolar leads) 2. One point on the body and a virtual reference point with zero electrical potential, located in the center of the heart (unipolar leads)

  8. EKG Leads The standard EKG has 12 leads: 3 Standard Limb Leads 3 Augmented Limb Leads 6 Precordial Leads The axis of a particular lead represents the viewpoint from which it looks at the heart.

  9. Standard Limb Leads

  10. Standard Limb Leads

  11. Augmented Limb Leads

  12. All Limb Leads

  13. Precordial Leads Adapted from: www.numed.co.uk/electrodepl.html

  14. Precordial Leads

  15. Summary of Leads

  16. Arrangement of Leads on the EKG

  17. Anatomic Groups(Septum)

  18. Anatomic Groups(Anterior Wall)

  19. Anatomic Groups(Lateral Wall)

  20. Anatomic Groups(Inferior Wall)

  21. Anatomic Groups(Summary)

  22. Determining the Heart Rate • Rule of 300 • 10 Second Rule

  23. Rule of 300 Take the number of “big boxes” between neighboring QRS complexes, and divide this into 300. The result will be approximately equal to the rate Although fast, this method only works for regular rhythms.

  24. What is the heart rate? www.uptodate.com (300 / 6) = 50 bpm

  25. What is the heart rate? www.uptodate.com (300 / ~ 4) = ~ 75 bpm

  26. What is the heart rate? (300 / 1.5) = 200 bpm

  27. The Rule of 300 It may be easiest to memorize the following table:

  28. 10 Second Rule As most EKGs record 10 seconds of rhythm per page, one can simply count the number of beats present on the EKG and multiply by 6 to get the number of beats per 60 seconds. This method works well for irregular rhythms.

  29. What is the heart rate? The Alan E. Lindsay ECG Learning Center ; http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ 33 x 6 = 198 bpm

  30. The QRS Axis The QRS axis represents the net overall direction of the heart’s electrical activity. Abnormalities of axis can hint at: Ventricular enlargement Conduction blocks (i.e. hemiblocks)

  31. The QRS Axis By near-consensus, the normal QRS axis is defined as ranging from -30° to +90°. -30° to -90° is referred to as a left axis deviation (LAD) +90° to +180° is referred to as a right axis deviation (RAD)

  32. Determining the Axis • The Quadrant Approach • The Equiphasic Approach

  33. Determining the Axis Predominantly Positive Predominantly Negative Equiphasic

  34. The Quadrant Approach 1. Examine the QRS complex in leads I and aVF to determine if they are predominantly positive or predominantly negative. The combination should place the axis into one of the 4 quadrants below.

  35. The Quadrant Approach 2. In the event that LAD is present, examine lead II to determine if this deviation is pathologic. If the QRS in II is predominantly positive, the LAD is non-pathologic (in other words, the axis is normal). If it is predominantly negative, it is pathologic.

  36. Quadrant Approach: Example 1 The Alan E. Lindsay ECG Learning Center http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ Negative in I, positive in aVF  RAD

  37. Quadrant Approach: Example 2 The Alan E. Lindsay ECG Learning Center http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ Positive in I, negative in aVF  Predominantly positive in II  Normal Axis (non-pathologic LAD)

  38. The Equiphasic Approach 1. Determine which lead contains the most equiphasic QRS complex. The fact that the QRS complex in this lead is equally positive and negative indicates that the net electrical vector (i.e. overall QRS axis) is perpendicular to the axis of this particular lead. 2. Examine the QRS complex in whichever lead lies 90° away from the lead identified in step 1. If the QRS complex in this second lead is predominantly positive, than the axis of this lead is approximately the same as the net QRS axis. If the QRS complex is predominantly negative, than the net QRS axis lies 180° from the axis of this lead.

  39. Equiphasic Approach: Example 1 The Alan E. Lindsay ECG Learning Center ; http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ Equiphasic in aVF  Predominantly positive in I  QRS axis ≈ 0°

  40. Equiphasic Approach: Example 2 The Alan E. Lindsay ECG Learning Center ; http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ Equiphasic in II  Predominantly negative in aVL  QRS axis ≈ +150°

  41. EKG Review • View the slide show • Interpret the EKGs • Advance slides to review findings • Good luck!

  42. Recall the approach 1. Take a deep breath2. Analyze rate3. Analyze rhythm4. Look at axis5. Look for injury/strain/ischemic patterns6. Look for conduction defecits (RBBB, LBBB)7. Hypertrophy, meds, toxic effects8. Make your measurments (PR, QT/QTc, QRS)

  43. Sample EKG #1. Determine rate, rhythm, diagnosis, axis

  44. Interpretation EKG#1 Rate: approx 75/min Rhythm: Baseline sinus rhythm, P:QRS is 1:1 Axis: Physiologic Injury: ST elevation is present in the anterior, septal, and literal leads. Massive ST segment elevation is present in V2-V6, with moderate ST elevation that obscures visualization of the QRS complex in lead one. Changes are consistent with LCA occlusion. Other: R wave progression is difficult to determine secondary to the pathological ST-T changes. No evidence of chamber enlargement or hypertrophy.

  45. Sample EKG#2

  46. Interpretation EKG#2 The EKG reveals an atrial flutter at a rate of approx 100 per minute. The QRS complexes are narrow and reveal a physiological axis. There is evidence of a premature ventricular complex, readily identifiable in the lateral chest leads. No evidence of ischemia or infarction. No evidence of R or L bundle branch block. Atrial flutter is conducted at approx 3:1. (3 flutter waves to one QRS).

  47. Sample EKG#3

  48. Interpretation EKG#3 The EKG reveals an irregularly irregular rhythm suggestive of atrial fibrillation. The rate is variable, with a controlled or slow ventricular response. The axis is physiologic. ST-T changes suggestive of ischemia/injury are present in leads II, III, and aVF. ST elevation of >1mm in limb leads is indicative of a possible inferior wall myocardial infarction. Reciprocal changes are seen in leads one and aVL. Early R wave progression.

  49. EKG #4

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