Chapter #13: Prisons & Jails

1. Chapter #13: Prisons & Jails

2. prisons State / federal confinement facility Custodial authority over adults Sentenced to confinement

3. Types of confinement facilities • 1. local jail – 6 hours • 2. county – holding / short sentences • 3. state • 4. federal

4. Lex talionis: law of retaliation “eye for an eye” Hammurabi Death penalty today: 1) wanton infliction of pain 2) proportional Early types 1. flogging 2. mutilation 3. branding 4. humiliation (public) 5. workhouses 6. exile Early punishments

5. American prisons - 1700 • Stressed reform over punishment • 1. stocks • 2. pillory

6. Stages of Prison Development in the United States

7. Penitentiary Era 1. Quakers 2. penance read Bible 3. solitary confinement 4. duck your head to enter PA system Mass Prison Era 1. Auburn Prison – New York 2. group workshops 3. silence 4. enforced by whipping 5. solitary confinement Auburn System Prison eras

8. Reformatory Era 1. indeterminate sentence – good points / reduce time / bad points – increase time 2. some rehab 3. preliminary parole 4. failed system Industrial Era 1. prisoners provided cheap labor Contract system / piece-price system / lease system / public account system / state-use system / public works system Prison Eras

9. Punitive Era 1. prisoners owed society debt 2. punishment 3. limited treatment Treatment Era 1. medical model 2. individual / group treatment Behavioral therapy Chemotherapy Neurosurgery Sensory deprivation Aversion therapy Prison eras

10. Community-Based Era Rehab only possible in community Volunteer help Half-way houses Work release Study release Warehousing Era Nothing works Lock up and isolate “Just Deserts” Prison a proper consequence of crime Individual responsibility Zero tolerance Prison Eras

11. U.S. Prison Population: 1960-2005 Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics

12. Rates of Imprisonment in the United States • Source: Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Prisoners in 2004 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005).

13. Prison costs / number of prisons • Cost: • Daily: • Geriatric: • # of prisons • Adult male: • Adult female: • Young adult” • Co-Ed boot camps: • State hospitals:

14. Prison capacity – size of population based upon: Rated: Operational: Design: Rhodes v Chapman – overcrowding not cruel / unusual PA overcrowding: 43,878 / 38.547/ 113.6% Racial breakdown White: Black: Latino: Other: Overcrowded Prisons

15. Selective incapacitation 1. lock up the most violent & 2. career offenders 3. long sentences 4. “three strikes laws” PA three strikes law 1. second conviction / violent crime: 10 yrs minimum + enhancements 2. third conviction /violent crime: 25 yrs minimum + enhancements 3. fourth conviction / violent crime / maximum twice the minimum Selective incapacitation / three strikes law

16. Maximum security prison • 1. high fences • 2. barriers b/w living areas • 3. secure cells • 4. armed guards • 5. gun towers • 6. massive structures

17. Medium security prisons • 1. more windows • 2. barbed wire as opposed to stone walls • 3. may use dormitory style housing • 4. more freedoms • 5. count – done randomly during the day

18. Minimum security prisons • 1. dormitories • 2. freedom of movement • 3. unarmed guards • 4. work under general supervision • 5. may wear civilian clothes

19. Prisoner classification Separate handout

20. Federal prison system • 104 institutions • Five categories • 1. ADMAX • 2. penitentiaries (high) • 3. correctional institutions (medium) • 4. prison camps (minimum)

21. Federal Correctional Facilities Source: U.S. Department of Justice

22. ADMAX 1. only 1 in system 2. ultra-high security 3. lockdown: 23 hours 4. no prisoner association 5. 1% of federal prisoners Penitentiaries 1. intense electronic surveillance 2. armed perimeter patrol 3. 8 facilities 4. 10% of federal prisoners Federal prisons

23. Correctional institutions 1. 43 facilities 2. 51% of population 3. chain link fences 4. electronic monitoring 4. vehicle patrols Prison camps 1. 55 facilities 2. 35% of population 3. unfenced, honor camps Federal prisons

24. Federal prison system Detention centers Lease from local governments Example: LCP

25. Jails • 1. short-term confinement • 2. sentences up to 1 day short of 2 years (LCP) • 3. specifics - LCP

26. Current issues • Females in prison • 1. classification based upon males • 2. lack of separate housing • 3. low educational level • 4. substance abuse • 5. pregnancy • 6. motherhood • 7. inadequate medical programs • 22% of c.o.’s are female

27. Current issues • Old & overcrowded • Reasons for overcrowding • 1. failure to make bail • 2. continuances • 3. pre-trial services (overload) • 4. poor attorneys • 5. non-violent offenders jailed • 2004: 328 suicides / 930 deaths overall (national)

28. 1. pod or modular system 2. LCP 3. open environment 4. softer furniture 5. rooms instead of cells Benefits 1. reduce inmate dissatisfaction 2. deter sexual assault 3. decrease suicide & escape attempts 4. more positive staff-inmate relations 5. greater staff control & morale 6. reduce lawsuits Direct supervision jails

29. privatization • Advantages • 1. reduce overcrowding • 2. lower operating expenses • 3. avoid lawsuits • Hindered by • 1. laws prohibiting the concept • 2. strikes by public correctional officers • 3. liability & legal issues