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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Running Water and Ground Water. 6.1 Running Water. The unending circulation of Earth’s water supply is the water cycle Water changes states (solid, liquid, gas) readily at temperatures and pressure common on Earth The cycle is powered by the sun

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Running Water and Ground Water

  2. 6.1 Running Water • The unending circulation of Earth’s water supply is the water cycle • Water changes states (solid, liquid, gas) readily at temperatures and pressure common on Earth • The cycle is powered by the sun • Water evaporates to the atmosphere, it is transported by winds, condenses into precipitation (falling to Earth)

  3. 6.1 Running Water • Infiltration is the movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces • Seeps into lakes, streams, or oceans • If it isn’t absorbed into the ground, it creates runoff • Plants absorb water and it returns to the atmosphere by transpiration

  4. Water Cycle

  5. 6.1 Running Water • Balance in the water cycle means that the average annual precipitation over Earth is equal to the amount that evaporates • Local imbalances exist • If the overall cycle wasn’t balanced, we would notice a drastic change in the oceans’ level

  6. 6.1 Running Water • Streams/rivers flow downhill due to gravity • The ability of streams to erode and transport material depends on its velocity • A steeper gradient (steepness) provides more energy to the stream as it flows downhill • The shape, size, and roughness of the stream channel (course it follows) affect the friction, which slows the water • Discharge is the volume of water passing a point in the stream (affect size and velocity of the stream)

  7. 6.1 Running Water • The gradient decreases between a stream’s headwaters and mouth, while the discharge increases • More tributaries (stream that empties into another stream) enter the main channel • Typically a mountain stream has a lower velocity than at the mouth of a river • Friction affects mountain streams more (boulders and smaller channel) • Channel usually smoother downstream

  8. Stream Profile

  9. 6.1 Running Water • The base level is the lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel • It is the level at which the mouth of the stream enters the ocean • Sea level is the ultimate base level • Temporary base levels include lakes, resistant layers or rock, and main streams • A stream in a broad, flat-bottomed valley near its base level meanders (has many bends)

  10. Meander

  11. Incised Meander

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