By: Vian Nguyen & Adrien Rene.

1. Cloning By: Vian Nguyen & Adrien Rene.

2. Cloning Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.

3. History of Cloning • Cloning of non-mammals was first accomplished in 1952. However, cloning of mammals proved much more difficult, with the first successful clone being the sheep. • Discoveries about the nature of DNA in the 1940s made it possible for cloning experiments to progress. • In 1944 it was discovered that genetic information for each cell was kept in the cell's DNA.  • The first cloned animals were northern leopard frogs that were cloned in 1952. Thomas J. King and Robert Briggs cloned 35 frog embryos and saw 27 tadpoles hatch. • This first successful cloning taught scientists more about what cells needed to be used in the cloning process. • James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA 50 years ago, in February 1953.

4. Benefits of Cloning • Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. • Embryonic stem cells can be grown to produce organs or tissues to repair or replace damaged ones. Skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics, hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys could be produced. • By combining this technology with human cloning technology it may be possible to produce needed tissue for suffering people that will be free of rejection by their immune systems. Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart failure, degenerative joint disease, and other problems may be made curable if human cloning and its technology are not banned. • With cloning, infertile couples could have children. • Liver failure-We may be able to clone livers for liver transplants 

5. Negatives of Cloning • All human beings will be identical. Which means that entire human is at a risk of getting infected by the same type of pathogen. • In scientific point of view, if every one has the same type of genes and they are closed to each other they may not defend against the same kind of serious disease. • Human cloning transgresses nature, because it is not via the natural reproductive process, which is by a man and a woman. • They see that technology is not safe enough to use on humans. Some are also afraid that clones will age quicker since the cell used in the cloning procedure has already been used in a real life individual. • The clone may even be better than his original host. It would be inhumane to treat them as ‘special species’. If human is cloned, this will turn us to be a property which can be sold to anybody else. In other words, selling humans is unethical, inhumane and immoral.

6. Current Usage of Cloning Today • Hundreds of cloned animals exist today, but the number of different species is limited. Attempts at cloning certain species have been unsuccessful.  • Cloning is an option that a few farmers and ranchers might choose to use to breed top quality animals. • Cloning is used in agriculture to produce additional crops by reproducing plants of existing crops. The type of cloning utilized in this situation is tissue sample cloning. • A tissue sample from a parent plant is treated with a nutrient mixture that promotes the growth of roots. Roots sprout from the tissue sample to create an identical copy of the parent plant.

7. The average dairy cow puts out roughly 15,000 gallons of milk a year.  However, there are certain, special cows that can make up to 45,000 gallons a year.  Selectively breeding for this trait is nearly impossible given the complexity of the genetics governing milk production.  Scientists have told us that it would be virtually impossible to find an intact cell from a extinct dinosaur.  However, at New Zealand's University of Otego, scientists are trying to clone the extinct moa, once the world's largest bird.  The plan was to take DNA from its leg bone and implant it into a chicken egg to grow. The scientists were going to breed the new moa with an ostrich or an emu to create a new giant bird.  Research was stopped by the NgaiTahu Maori tribe, which claims to own the DNA because they were sole owners of the land when the bird became extinct around 1500. Scientists have accelerated more into the world of animal cloning.  Since Dolly, the first cloned mammal, was created, scientists have cloned many more of the mammalian species, such as cats, horses, pigs, cows, and a big supply of rodents. Future of Cloning • For a few hundred years, scientists have tried to protect endangered species.  Why not just clone them?  Want to bring back the dinosaurs?  Clone them.  The process of copying an animal could indeed do miracles.

8. The Ethical Issues of Cloning • Cloning is a natural phenomenon in species as diverse as armadillos, poplar trees, aphids, and bacteria. Identical twins are clones. Biologists have been cloning some organisms, such as carrots, for decades. Attempts to clone animals have been far less successful. • Ethical concerns about whether an action is "right" or "wrong" are often clouded by subjectivity, emotion, and perspective. Cloning members of an endangered species, for example, is generally regarded as a positive application of the technology, whereas attempting to clone an extinct woolly mammoth from preserved tissue elicits more negative responses, including that this interferes with nature. • A project at Texas A&M University, funded by a dog lover wishing to clone a beloved deceased pet, announced the first successful cloning of a domestic animal, a cat, in February 2002. Cloning pets when strays crowd shelters might be seen as unethical. • Ethical objections to cloning seem to focus more on the fact that this is not a normal way to have a baby. Accordingly, the U.S. House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly on July 31, 2001 to pass legislation that would outlaw human cloning for any reason. • The legislation seeks to ban all human cloning, both "reproductive cloning" that would be used to create a baby, and "therapeutic cloning." In therapeutic cloning, a nucleus from a somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated donor egg, and an embryo is allowed to develop for a few days.

9. The Cost of Cloning It is really expensive to clone a human. It can cost anywhere from $1.7 million to $2.0 million.

10. Feelings Vian and I feel that cloning is wrong. If you clone an animal or a plant it is acceptable. But if you clone a human it is wrong and immoral . If we all clone a person then what would happen to the real version. If we clone people would the real person have to walk around having a shirt on that says “the original”. It would also be defiant to God.

11. Bibliography • Wikipedia.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning • The History of Cloning eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5019077_history-cloning.html#ixzz11bTrIGbf • Benefits of Cloning http://robby.nstemp.com/about.html • Disadvantages of cloning http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122429/ethics/disadvantages.htm • The Cons of Human Cloning http://www.udel.edu/physics/scen103/CGZ/conshumancloning.html

12. Bibliography • Dairy farming Today http://www.dairyfarmingtoday.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/FactSheetWhatisCloning.pdf