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Headaches and viewing of 3-dimensional (3D) movies in theaters

Headaches and viewing of 3-dimensional (3D) movies in theaters. Jaime Mirowsky , MS New York University School of Medicine Department of Environmental Medicine. Presenter Disclosures Jaime Mirowsky :. The following personal financial relationships with commercial interests

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Headaches and viewing of 3-dimensional (3D) movies in theaters

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  1. Headaches and viewing of 3-dimensional (3D) movies in theaters Jaime Mirowsky, MS New York University School of Medicine Department of Environmental Medicine

  2. Presenter DisclosuresJaime Mirowsky: The following personal financial relationships with commercial interests relevant to this presentation existed during the past 12 months: No relationships to disclose

  3. Introduction • 3D movies have existed since the 1950s • Health effects, such as visual fatigue associated with the viewing of 3D movies have been recognized, but epidemiologic studies have not described the frequency of this effect. • Emergence of 3D technology in recent years • Theaters, cameras, camcorders, phones, video games, TV.

  4. Introduction • 3D movies have existed since the 1950s • Health effects, such as visual fatigue associated with the viewing of 3D movies have been recognized, but epidemiologic studies have not described the frequency of this effect. • Emergence of 3D technology in recent years • Theaters, cameras, camcorders, phones, video games, TV.

  5. How 3D images can cause health effects • Blending of 2 images causes unnatural conflict between vergence and accommodation in the eyes • Vergence: movement of one’s eyes around vertical axes to focus on an object. • Accommodation: focusing on an object • Vergence and accommodation go hand in hand in normal vision, but 3D movies upset their usual relationship. • Health effects that have been noted include, but are not limited to, headaches, sore eyes, tiredness

  6. How 3D images can cause health effects • Blending of 2 images causes unnatural conflict between vergence and accommodation in the eyes • Vergence: movement of one’s eyes around vertical axes to focus on an object. • Accommodation: focusing on an object • Vergence and accommodation go hand in hand in normal vision, but 3D movies upset their usual relationship. • Health effects that have been noted include, but are not limited to, headaches, sore eyes, tiredness

  7. Past studies… • Increase in blinking frequency in 3D vs. 2D movies, closer distances to screen (Lee 2010) • n = 6 • Headache elevated in 3D vs. 2D images (Kuze 2008) • n = 11 • 3D images with motion increase headaches vs. no motion (Yano 2004) • n = 5

  8. Limitations of past studies • Low sample numbers (n < 12) • Use of red/green glasses • Newer technology uses polarized glasses • LCD/HDTV screens • Length of time much less than movie • Used images rather than motion pictures

  9. Objectives • To determine the frequency of headaches among viewers of 3D as compared to 2D movies in theater settings • To evaluate risk factors for adverse health effects of 3D movies and identify potential susceptible populations

  10. 3D movies and headaches Group 1: 2D vs. 3D movies Group 2: Effect of age Group 3: Vision problems Institutional Review Board – exempt status Create surveys - SurveyMonkey® Distribute surveys – friends, colleagues, relatives n = 66, 38 n = 140 n = 85 Analyze data – Exact methods used to calculate odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals odds using Egret for Windows. Exact logistic regression calculated using SAS 9.3.

  11. Other considerations… • Gender • Migraine susceptibility • Contacts, prescription glasses • Sitting location in theater • Food/drink consumed, alcohol use

  12. Group 1: 2D vs. 3D movie viewing

  13. Group 1: 2D vs. 3D movie viewing

  14. Group 2: risk factors for headaches among 140 viewers of 3D movies

  15. Group 2: risk factors for headaches among 140 viewers of 3D movies

  16. Group 2 cont. Multivariable analysis

  17. Group 3: risk factors for headaches among 85 viewers of 3D movies * Gender was missing for 1 individual

  18. Group 3: risk factors for headaches among 85 viewers of 3D movies * Gender was missing for 1 individual

  19. Conclusions • Headaches uncommon among 2D viewers vs. 3D viewers (4% vs. 14%, respectively) • Other risk factors could include viewers • < 40 years-old • Prior diagnosis of migraine • Eyeglasses + 3D glasses • Females • 12 – 17% of viewers of 3D movies reported headaches

  20. Limitations • Surveys not designed to combine results • Different age brackets • Different questions asked • Samples sizes still low • Age cutoff at 18 years-old • All movies grouped together

  21. Future directions • More comprehensive study with larger sample sizes • Animated vs. live-action movie • Technology differences (how projected, type of glasses worn) • Seating position • Survey administered directly after movie watched • Other studies using 3DTV, 3D video games, 3D camera/video cameras

  22. Acknowledgements • Dr. Michael Marmor • Group 1: • Xin Cheng • Brittany Garrett • Sean Quarry • Michael Wajnrajch, MD • Group 2: • Jieying Jiang • Alexandra Munoz • June Kim • Julie Robinson • Eric Saunders • Group 3: • Colleen Sabella • AlyshaUrniasz • Joshua Vaughan • LitalYinon • Enhan Zhang • New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science

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