Skit Activity

1. Skit Activity • The class is to respect each group as they present their skit and remain quiet.

2. The Origins of Slavery

3. Key Terms • Mercantalism • Navigation Acts • Glorious Revolution • Salutary Neglect • “Geography = Destiny” • Cash Crop • Middle Passage • OlaudahEquiano • Stono Rebellion • The Great Awkening • Benjamin Franklin

4. Background: 1-1400 A.D. • Origins • What is a Slave? • Requirements for Slavery • Roman Slavery

5. Portugal, 1400-1600 • 1450 = turning point  first black Africans sent to Portugal • Shift from raiding to trading • 1500s  growth in demand for sugar Caribbean and Brazil

6. Transatlantic Slave trade • What was the Slave Trade? • Parties involved • Portugal • Spain • Dutch • French • English • United States

7. Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage • Rum and other goods from England to Africa • Merchandise for slaves – transported from Africa to the West Indies, sold for sugar and molasses • Goods then shipped to New England to be distilled into rum

8. New World Slavery: Barbados • “The epicenter of human misery” – The West Indies • Geography is destiny What is meant by this? • Decimation of the Caribs pigs paradise • 1630, indentured servants  Sugar boom  Barbados = key to Enlgish wealth

9. New World Slavery: Barbados (cont.) • Scale of their labor • 1660, Blacks majority on the island • Creation of White solidarity

11. New World Slavery: South Carolina • Background • A different type of colony  culture from Barbados • 1710, Blacks were the majority • 1730, 2:1 ratio of Blacks to Whites

12. Stono Rebellion • September 1739 • 20 slaves gather at Stono River • Killings  beating drums • Tightening of harsh slave laws • Slave rebellions would remain a pattern • Dependency on slave labor

13. Review Questions • What is a slave? • Requirements for slavery? • What is the triangular trade? • What is meant by “Geography = Destiny” • What was the staple crop of Barbados?

14. Colonial Society in the Mid-Eighteenth Century Politics People Economy Society

15. People • European Population • 1600 – 0 • 1650 – 50k • 1670 – 100k • 1700 – 250k • 1730 – 635k • 1760 – 1.6 million people • 1775 – 2.5 million • Demographic • English and Welsh • Germans and Swiss • African • Dutch • Scots-Irish • Scots Highlanders

16. People • 1700-1740 – What’s going on? • Re-anglicanization • Colonists love English liberties • Salutary Neglect Seeds of self government

17. Politics • 1685  James II  the Dominion of New England • Sir Edmund Andros  furious reaction • “A Mixed and balanced constitution” • Glorious Revolution William and Marry of Orange • Reaction in Massachusetts

18. Economy • Mercantilism Strong and productive • Reminder: Navigation Acts • Reaction in Massachusetts • Engine of economy: sugar Barbados  Jamaica • Slave imports and mortality rates

19. Society • Pyramid/Hierarchical • Land of opportunity? • Staple product: Slavery  Age of “Enlightenment” • Slow movement towards becoming African America • Benjamin Franklin • The Great AwakeningJonathan Edwards • Questioning traditional authority

20. Society • Agricultural South • Plantation economy • Tobacco: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina • Rice: South Carolina, Georgia • Role of women: second class citizens • Slaves and indentured servants • Commercial North • A diversified economy • Crops and Animals: New York, Pennsylvania • Manufacturing and shipping: New England and Middle colonies • Single cash crop • Slavery? • Role of Women

21. Writing Activity: American Identity • Essential Question/Theme: American Identity • Most colonists, despite having lived in North America for generations, identify themselves more as Englishman that as “American.” Because our nation prides itself in being a melting pot of different cultures, our people periodically go through an “identity crisis.” • What do you identify yourself as? By this I mean, do you identify yourself as an American, as Chamorro, as Guamanian, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Palauan…etc. Write 1-2 (front and back) page response in your notebook in which you explain what your identity is and how you define yourself as. In short, who are you, what defines you, and what makes you uniquely, you? • Options: Essay or Spoken Word • Once you have written this down, share your thoughts with your classmate, and jot her response in your notes as well

22. Review questions • What is mercantilism? • What is meant by salutary neglect and what are some outcomes of it? • What was the Dominion of New England and who was Sir Edmund Andros? • What was the Glorious Revolution? • What were the Navigation Acts? • What was the driving force of the English economy? • What are the key differences between the Northern and Southern economies? • What was the Great Awakening? Who was involved? Outcomes?

23. Anglo- French Rivalries and the Seven Years War, 1739-1775

24. CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Key Concepts • Prior to 1763, the British subordinated American capital to British capital • The British success in the French and Indian War transformed the relationship between British and the American colonies • British policies after 1763 were designed to raise revenues to pay for the cost of the empire • The American colonists were divided over what course of action to take in response to the British policies • The Americans created a gov’t, the Continental Congress, to address the deteriorating relationship between Britain and the colonies

25. The French in the Americas • France: Britain’s greatest rival • Colonists naturally favored British • France in North America • Jacques Cartier: St. Lawrence River • Samuel De Champlain: Quebec • Cavelier and La Salle: Louisiana • Population difference: 70k vs. 1 million • Education: 25% literacy rate • Relations with Indians: friendlier

26. European Colonies in the New World • 1750 French and British imperialistic rivalry The World Wars in Europe in America 1688-1697 War of the League of Augsburg King Wm’s War 1689-1697 1701-1713 War of Sp. Succession Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 1740 -1748 War of Austrian Succession King George’s War 1744-1748 1756-1763 Seven Years War Fr & Indian War 1754-1763 1778-1783 The American Revolution American Revolution 1775-1783 1793-1802 Wars of the French Revolution Undeclared Fr. War 1798-1800 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars War of 1812 1812-1814 • -1918 World War I World War I 1917-1918 1939-1945 World War II World War II 1941-1945

27. North America in 1750

28. French and Indians

29. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley Note these two forts! British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne* George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

30. FORT DUQUESNE • This compact Vauban style (the original death star!) fort was built partially of horizontal, squared, oak and chestnut timbers laid in criblocked walls with tamped earth and rock fill on the land side and upright stockade walls on the sides abutting the rivers.

31. FORT NECESSITY

32. Background • Born in Virginia, 1732 • Married to Martha Custis • Personality: Physically brace, personally proud, composed, stoic, obsession with self-control • No college education • Served as a lieutenant colonel in the French and Indian War

33. Major Characters in the French and Indian War • Washington • Mosieur De Jumonville • Tanacharison

34. George Washington and War • In the French and Indian War • Involved in a massacre he oversaw • Another one he survived • An embarrassing defeat • And a hollow victory • In the American Revolution • Suffered horrible losses in Brandywine • Allowed Philadelphia to be captured • Played a minor role in the Victory in Saratoga

35. "Join or Die" Ben Franklin à representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA • This is Benjamin Franklin's 1754 cartoon emphasizing the need for the various colonies and regions to work together. While this became a potent message during the revolutionary period of the 1770s, the cartoon was actually intended to unite colonists against the Indian threat. Albany Congress failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

36. The French & Indian War • 1755 British reaction - eliminate Fr. presence in N. America Gen. Edward Braddock evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) • Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. • Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forces. • Fr and Indians rampage across frontier from Pa. to NC

37. 1756 British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

38. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister • He understood colonial concerns. • He offered them a compromise: -col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. -Lord Loudoun would be removed. - appoints James Wolfe to command RESULTS?Colonial morale increased by 1758.

39. 1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England *By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

40. BATTLE ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM

41. 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

42. North America in 1763

43. Worksheet Fr. & Ind. War Transforms Colonial Relations in N. America The first four years saw nothing but severe reverses for the British regulars and American colonials, primarily because of superior French land forces in the New World. Lack of colonial assistance to the war effort compounded British problems. By the end of 1757, however, the course of the war began to be altered by three major influences. One was the dynamic leadership of the British prime minister, William Pitt the Elder, who saw that victory in North America was the supreme task in the worldwide struggle and who has been truly called the organizer of victory in the Great War for the Empire. The second was the increasing superiority of British financial and industrial resources, food supplies, and naval equipment, as opposed to growing national bankruptcy and economic paralysis faced by France. Finally, both the British and Americans were becoming seasoned wilderness fighters. English-French rivalry worldwide World War b/w two powerful empires English, w/ colonial help, fight Fr. And their Native American allies Fr. Finally lose war & are expelled from N. America Eng. Inherit vast new land holdings in N. America Jot this on the top of your page. Quickly list the 5 major causes that follow http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9035340/French-and-Indian-War

44. Effects of the War on Britain? It doubled the size of Britain’s North American territory and it must be governed 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. They will have to pay to maintain and control this vast empire. To make matters worse, citizens in Great Britain were already heavily taxed. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Intractable American colonists were not about to accept restrictions on their activities. Some colonists, in fact, were beginning to compete effectively with British capitalists and refused to subordinate their economic interests to those of British manufacturers. Hostile NA in the Appalachian region, who felt threatened by American westward expansion into the Ohio River Valley, needed to be controlled. - Pontiac’s Rebellion Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

45. Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1.It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

46. In your notebooks