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Explore the Protestant Reformation's impact on the Pilgrims' journey, the Mayflower Compact, William Bradford, Squanto, Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut.
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Chapter 3 “Settling the Northern Colonies”
The Protestant Reformation • In 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg cathedral igniting the Protestant Reformation • Stated that all humans were weak and wicked and only the predestined could go to heaven. • In England, King Henry VIII was breaking his ties with the Holy Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s • England turned to Protestantism (Calvinism)
Puritans and Separatists • Puritans – Unhappy with the snail-like pace of the progress of Protestant Reformation. • believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to church membership. • Separatists - vowed to break away from the Church of England because the “saints” would have to sit with the “damned.”
Pilgrims • Separatist group who originally settled in the Netherlands but were frustrated by the “dutchification” of their children • King gave Pilgrims permission to settle in Virginia. • 103 Pilgrims left Holland and sailed for 65 days at sea on the Mayflower until they arrived off the rocky coast of New England in 1620. • 102 arrived (1 died on the journey) • Mayflower was blown off course and landed at Plymouth. • Before exiting the ship Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact.
Mayflower 1.The Rigging 2.The Round House 3.The Half Deck 4.The Great Cabin 5.The Steerage 6.The Capstan 7.The Main Deck 8.'Tween Decks 9.The Forecastle 10.The Windlass Photo: South Cape Distributors
William Bradford • Bradford is best known as Governor of the Plymouth Colony. He emigrated to Plymouth on the famous Mayflower in 1620, and was elected to office at least 30 times. His works include: • History of Plymouth Plantation, circa 1650
Rough Start for Pilgrims • In the winter of 1620-21, only 44 of the 102 survived. • 1621 brought bountiful harvests, though, and the first Thanksgiving was celebrated that year. • In 1691, Plymouth • merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Squanto • Native American of the Wampanoag tribe of what is now Massachusetts. Also known as Tisquantum, he proved an invaluable friend to white settlers in New England in the early 17th century. Early in his life he was captured and sold as a slave in Spain but eventually escaped and went to England. When he returned to New England in 1619 as pilot for an English sea captain, he escaped and discovered that his people had been destroyed by a plague. Two years later he helped the starving Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony to survive by teaching them both fishing and the planting of corn. He developed a friendship with the Massachusetts settlers and acted as interpreter at the Treaty of Plymouth, signed in 1621 between the Native American chief Massasoit and Governor William Bradford. While guiding a party under Bradford around Cape Cod the following year, he became ill and died
Massachusetts Bay Colony • Settled by strict Puritans • They had their own charter and total control of their colony. • It was a well-equipped group of which about 11,000 people came to Massachusetts. • They were led by John Winthrop. • Winthrop wanted the Puritans to be a “city upon a hill.”
John Winthrop "....we must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill, (and that) the eyes of all people are upon us.."
Life in Massachusetts Bay • Massachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding. • Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership. • Very strict and very religious • Strict Calvinist (predestination) • Feared democracy because they were afraid of the masses
Trouble in Mass Bay • Anne Hutchinson • Believed in antinomianism – the belief that because of predestination man need not obey secular laws. • Banished from the colony • Roger Williams • Believed in freedom of religion, separation of church and state and thought they should pay the Indians for the land. • Banished from the colony for his beliefs • Started Rhode Island
Williams and Hutchinson Edwin Austin Abbey's depiction of Anne Hutchinson on trial appeared in a popular nineteenth-century history of the United States.Illustration courtesy of the Harvard College Library; coloring by Bartek Malysa Roger Williams and the Narragansett
Rhode Island • Started by Roger Williams • Based on complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics • Had separation of church and state • Most liberal of all English colonies • Planted by dissenters and exiles so Rhode Island became strongly individualistic and stubbornly independent
Connecticut • Hartford • Founded in 1635 by Thomas Hooker who led a group of Puritans out of Massachusetts Bay • Drafted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – A written constitution guaranteeing the right to vote to the “substantial” citizens (landowners) • New Haven • Started in 1638 • Eventually merged with Hartford in 1662
Connecticut Thomas Hooker sculpture by Frances L. Wadsworth (1950), located east of the State House. Image scanned from The Colonial History of Hartford - U.S. Bicentennial Edition, by William DeLoss Love (1974).
Puritans Vs. Indians • Before the Puritans had arrived in 1620, an epidemic had swept through the Indians, killing over three quarters of them. • In 1637, after mounting tensions exploded, English settlers and the powerful Pequot tribe fought in the Pequot War, in which the English set fire to a Pequot village on Connecticut’s Mystic River, annihilating the Indians and bringing about forty years of tentative peace. • In 1675, Metacom (called King Philip by the English) united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed. • The King Philip’s War slowed colonial western march but only temporarily
Metacom • Metacom, known as King Philip, was chief of the Wampanoag Indians and son of Massasoit, who lived peacefully with the settlers since the arrival of the Pilgrims. King Philip, however, saw that whites were expanding into Indian territory, and made plans to resist. King Philip and a band of Wampanoags vandalized a frontier community in the 17th century, had begun. Although the Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians joined forces with the Wampanoags, King Philip sensed defeat and fled into the forest. The near annihilation of the Narragansett Indians in 1676 ended hostilities, leaving six hundred colonists and even more Indians, including King Philip, dead.
New England Confederation • First seeds of colonial unity • In 1643, four colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation. • Massachusetts Bay • Plymouth • New Haven • Hartford • A group of semiautonomous commonwealths that dealt with defense against Indians, French and Dutch
Dominion of New England • In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created to bolster the colonial defense against Indians • Also and attempt to tie the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the Navigation Acts. • Head of the Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros, who was autocratic and set many unpopular rules Sir Edmund Andros
Glorious Revolution • William and Mary took over power in England • Never again was England ruled by a monarchy • Parliamentary rule • Salutary neglect followed William and Mary
Northern (New England) Colonies • Massachusetts • Rhode Island • Connecticut • New Hampshire • Settled for Religious reasons • Trade, shipbuilding, fishing were main source of income • Fiercely independent • Rocky infertile soil • Subsistence farms
New York (New Netherlands) • Originally settled by the Dutch • Based their claim on the voyage of Henry Hudson, an English explored sailing on a Dutch ship in 1609 • The Dutch East India Company was established, with an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships • The Dutch gave patroonships (large areas of land) to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them. • Indian attack was always a problem. Built wall to keep them safe (Wall Street today) • New Amsterdam was capital (New York City)
This painting shows New Amsterdam in 1664 and was painted at that time. The painting shows buildings clustered at the tip of Manhattan Island, which was the center of activity for the growing city until the mid-nineteenth century. The Dutch West India Company settled New Amsterdam in 1624 as a permanent trading post. The company encouraged settlement in the new town and transported whole families. The initial purpose of the colony was commerce, and the settlement welcomed a diverse group of immigrants from many countries, eventually becoming known as a bustling and tolerant settlement. In 1665, New Amsterdam fell to the English and became New York. Source: From the Bettman Archives.
England’s Conquest of New York • In 1664, Charles II granted the area of modern-day New York to his brother, the Duke of York, and that year, British troops landed and defeated the Dutch, kicking them out, without much violence. • Peter Stuyvesant surrendered and England took over Peter Stuyvesant
Pennsylvania • Started by William Penn and his Quaker followers • Penn called it a “Holy Experiment” – All religions were welcome, except Catholics and Jews • Philadelphia was the capital – “City of Brotherly Love” • It was the best advertised of all the colonies. • Very good relations with local Indians • Pennsylvania attracted a great variety of people from all races, class, and religion.
Quakers • Feared God • They “quaked” under deep religious emotion. • Abhorred strife and warfare and refused military service • First in the colonies to oppose slavery • Persecuted in England
New Jersey • Started in 1664 when two noble proprietors received the area from the Duke of York. • Settled by many Quakers
Delaware • Settled by Swedish • Named after Lord De La Warr, the harsh military governor who had arrived in Virginia in 1610 • Granted its won assembly in 1703
Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania • New York • New Jersey • Delaware • Fertile soil – Breadbasket of the colonies • Religious toleration • Racially diverse • Settled by Dutch, Swedish, English, Spanish, Irish, and Scots-Irish • Better farming techniques
