Exploring Classification & Diversity in Biology: Taxonomy, Viruses, & Bacteria

1. Topic 1: Classification

2. Classification History • Taxonomy: Branch of biology that groups all life according to their characteristics and history • All life on earth is placed into 1 of 6 kingdoms: • Eubacteria • Archaea • Protista • Fungi • Plants • Animals

3. Carolus Linnaeus • Developed classification system based on physical features • Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names • 1st word: Genus (broad) • 2nd word: Species (specific) • Example: House cat • Genus: Felis (cougars, lions, tigers, cheetahs, etc…) • Species: catus

4. Binomial Format • When Writing: • Genus capitalized • species lowercase • Underlined entirely Ex: Homo sapiens • When Typing: • Same, except use italics Ex: Homo sapiens Bos taurus

5. Taxa • 7 individual levels (taxa) used to classify organisms Kingdom (broadest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (specific) • Allows relationships to be clearly seen

6. The more levels in common...the more related the species.

7. How is Life Classified Today? • Taxonomy: grouping life according to shared traits (not just physical) • 1) Morphology: studying the form and structure of organisms • Comparing the morphology (traits) of different species shows similarities and/or differences Mammals

8. Morphology Shows Non-Relationships Also! Dolphins are not FISH!

9. 2) Biochemical Evidence • Comparing DNA, amino acids, & proteins • DNA mutations occur at known rates • Splits in evolution can be estimated based on how different DNA between 2 organisms is • More different the DNA…longer ago common ancestor

10. 3) Embryo Development • Patters of development studied to identify relatedness • Blastopore (1st opening of embryo) shows humans & starfish are more related than humans & squid Mouth Anus Anus

11. Phylogeny all have amniotic eggs • Defined: Evolutionary history of an organism • Shown by cladograms • Group life according to similarities How many traits does a primate & amphibian share? Which organisms do not have amniotic eggs?

12. Virus: A biological particle composed of nucleic acid and protein Intracellular Parasites: organism that must “live” inside a host Topic 2: Viruses

13. Reproduce Have nucleic acid Adapt to surroundings Have organization Not made of cells or organelles Can’t reproduce on own Don’t metabolize energy Don’t perform cellular processes Are viruses alive? No Yes

14. All Have: 1) Capsid: coat of protein that surrounds nucleic acid 2) Nucleic Acid: RNA or DNA Some Have: Tail Fibers: Used for attachment (not legs) Shapes vary Virus Parts

15. 1st Step: Attachment Virus attaches to a cell receptor No attachment = No infection The Lytic Cycle

16. 2nd Step: Entry Virus enzyme weakens cell membrane Genetic material (DNA or RNA) enters host cell The Lytic Cycle

17. 3rd Step: Replication Virus DNA/RNA makes virus proteins by transcription/ translation The Lytic Cycle

18. 4th Step: Assembly New virus proteins are assembled into new viruses The Lytic Cycle

19. 5th Step: Release Virus enzyme causes host to burst Viruses are released to find new host…Cycle repeats The Lytic Cycle

20. The Lysogenic Cycle 1) Attachment: Virus attaches to host cell Host cell DNA Pro-phage 2) Entry: Virus nucleic acid enter the cell, but combines with host cell DNA.

21. The host cell divides by mitosis, making a copy of the prophage each time. Pro-phage Pro-phage Pro-phage Two infected cells.

22. Two cells divide my mitosis to make 4 infected cells. Pro-phage Pro-phage

23. Four infected cells divide by mitosis to make 8…and so on….

24. Virus DNA eventually becomes active and starts to create viruses following the stages of the lytic cycle. All infected cells burst, releasing many more viruses to restart the cycle.

25. Topic 3: Bacteria

26. Prokaryote Cells w/o nucleus & membrane bound organelles Chromosome & plasmids float freely in cytoplasm Ribosomes create proteins Flagella used in movement Pili act as anchors Connect to other cell during conjugation Endospore “cocoon” to protect DNA in harsh times Cell Structure

27. Many bacteria grow in colonies 3 Basic Shapes: 1) Rod 2) Spherical 3) Spiral Bacterial Shapes

28. Bacteria Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells Both cells have identical sets of DNA Less genetic diversity Click pic

29. Bacteria Sexual Reproduction Conjugation: process where DNA is exchanged between bacteria cells Cells connect by pili DNA duplicated and then exchanged Creates genetic diversity Gene to resist ampicillin Gene to resist ampicillin

30. Anaerobic Obligate anaerobic = cannot live in oxygen Aerobic Facultative aerobic = can live with or without oxygen Obligate aerobic = must live in oxygen Respiration The bacteria that causes TB lives in your lungs…which type is it?

31. Identifying Bacteria with Gram Staining Gram negative: stains pink extra outer layer harder to treat • Gram positive: • stains purple • lack extra covering • easier to treat

32. Brush, Floss, & Rinse Your Teeth! GINGIVITIS HEALTHY MODERATE PERIODONTITIS ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS

33. Most bacteria killed Strong Survive Resistant Bacteria Only Strong Reproduce

34. Topic 4: Protista

35. Protista in General • Usually unicellular • Reproduction: • Asexual, Sexual, Both • Kingdom for life that doesn’t fit in animals, plant or fungi kingdom • Mostly aquatic life • 3 main categories based on feeding • Animal-like • Plant-like • Protista-like

36. Animal-Like Protista (Protozoans) • Aquatic, unicellular • Heterotrophic • Feed & ingest prey • pathogens, parasites, predators • 3 subcategories based on how they move • 1) Pseudopods : have pseudopodia (false- feet) • Engulf by phagocytosis • 2) Flagellates: have flagella • 3) Ciliates: have cilia

37. Pseudopod (Amoeba) feeding

38. Pseudopod Video Clips File title: Amoeba2 File title: Amoeba4

39. Ciliates Video Clip File title: Paramecia2 File title: Rotifer2

40. Flagelletes Video Clip File title: Euglena2 File title: Euglena

41. Animal-Like Protista & Disease • Malaria: Infected mosquito bites • Fever, vomiting, coma, death • Sleeping sickness: bite of tsetse flies • Coma & death

42. Plantlike Protista • AKA: Algae • Perform photosynthesis with chloroplasts • Provide ~ ½ the O2 on earth • Most unicellular • Phytoplankton: basis of aquatic food chains (producers) • Few multicellular • Seaweed, kelp • Why not plants? • No true leaves, stems, or roots • most unicellular

43. Fungus-like Protista • Heterotrophs • Decomposers: recycle nutrients • Absorb nutrients • Moist environments • Slime Molds: large (~1 meter) single celled mass of cytoplasm • Water molds: can be parasitic • Potato blight: disease & the Irish potato famine

44. Topic 5: Fungi

45. Fungi Structure & Basics Hyphae: thin strands of cells that make up the fungus body Hyphae spread into a larger mass (mycelium) Fruiting body: Above-ground reproductive structure Cell wall of chiton (common to animals) Heterotrophs: hyphae release enzymes to absorb nutrients Classification determined by sexual reproduction methods strands of hyphae

46. Zygote Fungi Bread Molds Some help “fix” nitrogen in atmosphere Asexual Reproduction Sporangia produce spores Spores can grow into new hyphae when released . . .

47. Haploid spores land Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium Sporangia grow from the mycelium . Sporangia release spores . . . ground

48. The process repeats . . . . ground

49. Zygote Fungi Sexual reproduction Hyphae from 2 organisms fuse and form a diploid zygospore Zygospore grows new hyphae when released

50. Spores land Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium . . ground