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1. How to Use This Presentation How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Image and Math Focus Bank

3. Interactions of Living Things Chapter 18 Table of Contents Section 1 Everything Is Connected Section 2 Living Things Need Energy Section 3 Types of Interactions

4. Chapter 18 Section1 Everything Is Connected Bellringer • Think of all the things that make up a pond in the countryside. List all the parts of the pond’s ecosystem in your science journal. Are all the parts of the ecosystem living? Explain your answer.

5. Chapter 18 Section1 Everything Is Connected Objectives • Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment. • Explain how populations and communities are related. • Describe how the abiotic parts of the environment affect ecosystems.

6. Chapter 18 Section1 Everything Is Connected Studying the Web of Life • Ecologyis the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment. • The Two Parts of the EnvironmentAll of the organisms that live together and interact with one another make up the biotic part of the environment. The abiotic part of the environment consists of the nonliving factors.

7. Chapter 18 Section1 Everything Is Connected Studying the Web of Life, continued • Organization in the EnvironmentAt first glance, the environment may seem disorganized. However, the environment can be arranged into different levels. The five levels of the environment are shown on the next slide.

8. Chapter 18 Section1 Everything Is Connected

9. Section1 Everything Is Connected Chapter 18 Studying the Web of Life, continued • PopulationsEach animal is a part of a population, or a group of individuals of the same species that live together. • CommunitiesA community consists of all of the populations of species that live and interact in an area.

10. Section1 Everything Is Connected Chapter 18 Studying the Web of Life, continued

11. Section1 Everything Is Connected Chapter 18 Studying the Web of Life, continued • EcosystemsAn ecosystem is made up of a community of organisms and the abiotic environment of the community. • The BiosphereThe biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to high in the air where plant spores drift.

12. Chapter 18 Section2 Living Things Need Energy Bellringer • Indian pipe is a plant that is completely white—it has no chlorophyll or chloroplasts to give it a green color. Do you think this plant could be a producer? If not, where do you think it could get the energy it needs to survive? • Write your answers in your science journal.

13. Chapter 18 Section2 Living Things Need Energy Objectives • Describethe functions of producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. • Explain how energy flows through a food web. • Describe how the removal of one species affects the entire food web.

14. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 The Energy Connection • ProducersOrganisms that use sunlight directly to make food are called producers. They do this by using a process called photosynthesis. • ConsumersOrganisms that eat other organisms are called consumers. • DecomposersOrganisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms are called decomposers.

15. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 The Energy Connection, continued

16. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 The Energy Connection, continued

17. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 Comparing Consumers and Producers Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concepts

18. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 The Energy Connection, continued • Food Chains and Food WebsA food chain is a diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another. A food web is a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.

19. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 The Energy Connection, continued

20. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 The Energy Connection, continued • Energy PyramidsAn energy pyramid is a triangular diagram that shows an ecosystem’s loss of energy, which results as energy passes through the ecosystem’s food chain.

21. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18

22. Section2 Living Things Need Energy Chapter 18 Wolves and the Energy Pyramid • Gray Wolves and the Food WebGray wolves were brought back to Yellowstone National Park in 1995. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service thinks the return of the wolves will restore the natural energy flow in the area and bring populations back into balance. • Balance in EcosystemsAll organisms in a food web are important for the health and balance of all other organisms in the food web.

23. Chapter 18 Section3 Types of Interactions Bellringer • Make a list of predators that are also prey. • Record your answer in your science journal.

24. Chapter 18 Section3 Types of Interactions Objectives • Explain the relationship between carrying capacity and limiting factors. • Describe the two types of competition. • Distinguish between mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Give an example of coevolution.

25. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Interactions with the Environment • Limiting Factors A resource that is so scarce that it limits the size of a population is called a limiting factor. • Carrying CapacityThe largest population that an environment can support is known as the carrying capacity.

26. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

27. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Interactions Between Organisms • Individuals and Populations Interact Populations contain individuals of a single species that interact with one another, such as a group of rabbits feeding in the same area. • Communities contain interacting populations, such as a coral reef with many species of corals trying to find living space.

28. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Competition • Individuals and Populations Interact When two or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource, such as food, water, shelter, space, or sunlight, it is called competition. • Competition can happen within a population, or between populations.

29. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Predators and Prey • Predatorsare organisms that eat all or part of another organism.Organisms that are killed and eaten by other organisms are called prey. • Predator Adaptations To survive, predators must be able to catch their prey. Predators have a wide variety of methods and abilities for doing so.

30. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Predators and Prey, continued • Prey AdaptationsPrey have their own methods and abilities to keep from being eaten. Prey are able to run away, stay in groups, or camouflage themselves. Some prey are poisonous. • CamouflageOne way animals avoid being eaten is by being hard to see. Blending in with the background is called camouflage.

31. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Predators and Prey, continued • Defensive Chemicals Some animals defend themselves with chemicals. The skunk and the bombardier beetle both spray predators with irritating chemicals. Bees, ants, and wasps inject a powerful acid into their attackers. • Warning ColorationAnimals that have a chemical defense need a way to warn predators that they should look elsewhere for a meal. Their chemical weapons are often advertised by warning colors.

32. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Symbiosis • Symbiosisis a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other. • Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit. • Commensalismis a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

33. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Symbiosis, continued • Parasitismis a symbiotic association in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed. • The organism that benefits is called the parasite, while the organism that is harmed is called the host.

34. Section3 Types of Interactions Chapter 18 Coevolution • What Is Coevolution? When a long-term change takes place in two species because of their close interactions with one another, the change is called coevolution. • Coevolution and FlowersFlowers have changed over millions of years to attract pollinators. Pollinators such as bees, bats, and hummingbirds can be attracted to a flower because of its color, odor, or nectar.

35. Interactions of Living Things Chapter 18 Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

36. Interactions of Living Things Chapter 18

37. Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things

38. End of Chapter 18 Show

39. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

40. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 Passage 1Two or more individuals trying to use the same resource, such as food, water, shelter, space, or sunlight, is called competition. Because resources are in limited supply in the environment, the use of them by one individual or population decreases the amount available to other organisms. Competition also occurs between individuals within a population. The elk in Yellowstone National Park are herbivores that compete with each other for the same food plants in the park.

41. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 1. According to the passage, competition occurs between which of the following? Aindividuals trying to use the same resource Belk and carnivores Cfood and shelter Dindividuals trying to use different resources

42. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 1. According to the passage, competition occurs between which of the following? A individuals trying to use the same resource Belk and carnivores Cfood and shelter Dindividuals trying to use different resources

43. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 2. According to the passage, food, water, shelter, space, and sunlight are examples of Fpopulations. Gthings found in Yellowstone National Park. Hcompetition. Iresources.

44. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 2. According to the passage, food, water, shelter, space, and sunlight are examples of Fpopulations. Gthings found in Yellowstone National Park. Hcompetition. I resources.

45. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 3. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? ACompetition occurs only between individuals of different populations. BCompetition occurs between individuals within a population and between individuals of different populations. CCompetition increases the amount of resources available to individuals. DBecause resources are abundant in the environment, competition rarely happens between individuals of different population.

46. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 3. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? ACompetition occurs only between individuals of different populations. BCompetition occurs between individuals within a population and between individuals of different populations. CCompetition increases the amount of resources available to individuals. DBecause resources are abundant in the environment, competition rarely happens between individuals of different populations.

47. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 Passage 2In the deserts of northern Africa and the Middle East, water is a scarce and valuable resource. In this area, no permanent streams flow except for the Nile. More than 1.6 million square kilometers of this region typically have no rainfall for years at a time. However, much of this area has large aquifers. The water that these aquifers contain dates back to much wetter times thousands of years ago. Occasionally, water reaches the surface to form an oasis. Wells supply the rest of the water used throughout the region. In some regions of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, wells drilled for water more often strike oil.

48. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 1. According to the passage, an aquifer contains what resource? Aoil Bwater Cwells Doasis

49. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 1. According to the passage, an aquifer contains what resource? Aoil Bwater Cwells Doasis

50. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 18 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is a fact? FThe Nile no longer flows through northern Africa and the Middle East. GThe water found in aquifers is from recent rainfall. HWells drilled in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are more likely to strike oil than water. IThe desert regions of northern Africa and the Middle East receive rainfall almost every day.