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IP Security Overview for Network Security Essentials

Summary of chapter 6 from "Network Security Essentials" by William Stallings covering IP Security, IPSec benefits, basic networking, and IPSec services, including key concepts and databases.

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IP Security Overview for Network Security Essentials

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  1. IP Security School of Electronics and Information Kyung Hee University Choong Seon HONG cshong@khu.ac.kr http://networking.khu.ac.kr Summarized Chapter 6 of “Network Security Essentials” by William Stallings +

  2. IP Security Overview • 1994 – RFC1636, Security in the Internet Architecture • Identified key needs: • secure network infrastructure from unauthorized monitoring • control network traffic • secure end-to-end user traffic using encryption and authentication

  3. IP Security Overview • CERT – most serious attacks are IP spoofing and eavesdropping/packet sniffing • recently DDoS • Next generation IP includes authentication and encryption • IPv6 • IPSec  IPv6 • Available with IPv4

  4. Application of IPSec • Secure branch office connectivity over the Internet • Secure remote access over the Internet • Establishing extranet and intranet connectivity with partners • Enhancing electronic commerce security

  5. Application of IP Security

  6. Benefits of IPSec • Strong security for all traffic when crossing the perimeter (assuming it is implemented in a firewall or router) • IPSec in a firewall is resistant to bypass • Below the transport layer (TCP, UDP) and transparent to applications • Transparent to the end user • Provides security for individual users – offsite workers, VPN

  7. Routing & IPSec • Router advertisement comes from an authorized router • Neighbor advertisement comes from an authorized router • Redirect comes from router to which initial packet was sent • Routing updates are not forged • Prevents disruption and diversion of traffic

  8. Network Security Basic Networking

  9. TCP and UDP Headers

  10. IP Headers 32-bitfield QoS max # allowable hops 128-bit field

  11. TP/IP Concepts

  12. Application Byte Stream TCPSegment TCPHeader User Data IPHeader NetworkHeader User Data User Data IP Datagram User Data Network-level Packet PDUs in TCP/IP

  13. Some TCP/IP Protocols

  14. Assigned Port Numbers

  15. Configuration of TCP/IP

  16. Network Security IP Security – Part 1

  17. IPSec Documents • November - 1998 • RFC 2401 – Overview • RFC 2402 – packet authentication extension • RFC 2406 – packet encryption extension • RFC 2408 – key management capabilities • Implemented as extension headers that follow the main header: • Authentication Header (AH) • Encapsulating Security Payload Header (ESP)

  18. IPSec Documents packet format Domain of Interpretationrelation between documents(identifiers and parameters)

  19. IPSec Services • Provides security services at the IP layer • Enables a system to: • select required security protocols • determine algorithms to use • setup needed keys

  20. IPSec Services – 2 Protocols • Authentication protocol– designated by the authentication header (AH) • Encryption/Authentication protocol– designated by the format of the packet, Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP); it is a mechanism for providing integrity and confidentiality to IP datagrams • AH and ESP are vehicles for access control

  21. IPSec Services

  22. Security Associations Key Concept: • Security Association (SA)– is a one-way relationship between a sender and a receiver that defines the security services that are provided to a user • Requirements are stored in two databases: security policy database (SPD) and security association database (SAD)

  23. Security Associations Uniquely identified by: • Destination IP address– address of the destination endpoint of the SA (end user system or firewall/router) • Security protocol– whether association is AH or ESP. Defines key size, lifetime and crypto algorithms (transforms) • Security parameter index (SPI)– bit string that provides the receiving device with info on how to process the incoming traffic

  24. Security Associations A B IP Secure Tunnel • Destination IP address • Security Protocol • Secret keys • Encapsulation mode • SPI SA SA

  25. Security Associations • SA is unidirectional • It defines the operations that occur in the transmission in one direction only • Bi-directional transport of traffic requires a pair of SAs (e.g., secure tunnel) • Two SAs use the same meta-characteristics but employ different keys

  26. Security Association Database • Each IPSec implementation has a Security Association Database (SAD) • SAD defines the parameters association (SPI) with each SA • SAD stores pairs of SA, since SAs are unidirectional

  27. Security Association Database • Sequence number counter • Sequence counter overflow • Anti-replay window • AH information • ESP information • Lifetime of this SA • IPSec protocol mode – tunnel, transport, wildcard • Path MTU

  28. Security Policy Database • Considerable flexibility in way IPSec services are applied to IP traffic • Can discriminate between traffic that is afforded IPSec protection and traffic allowed to bypass IPSec • The Security Policy Database (SPD) is the means by which IP traffic is related to specific SAs

  29. Security Policy Database • Each entry defines a subset of IP traffic and points to an SA for that traffic • These selectors are used to filter outgoing traffic in order to map it into a particular SA

  30. Security Policy Database • Destination IP address • Source IP address • User ID • Data sensitivity level – secret or unclassified • Transport layer protocol • IPSec protocol – AH or ESP or AH/ESP • Source and destination ports • IPv6 class • IPv6 flow label • IPv4 type of service (TOS)

  31. Security Policy Database Outbound processing for each packet: • Compare fields in the packet to find a matching SPD entry • Determine the SA and its associated SPI • Do the required IPSec processing

  32. Transport and Tunnel Modes • SA supports two modes:Transport – protection for the upper layer protocolsTunnel – protection for the entire IP packet

  33. Transport Mode • Protection extends to the payload of an IP packet • Primarily for upper layer protocols – TCP, UDP, ICMP • Mostly used for end-to-end communication • For AH or ESP the payload is the data following the IP header (IPv4) and IPv6 extensions • Encrypts and/or authenticates the payload, but not the IP header

  34. Tunnel Mode • Protection for the entire packet • Add new outer IP packet with a new outer header • AH or ESP fields are added to the IP packet and entire packet is treated as payload of the outer packet • Packet travels through a tunnel from point to point in the network

  35. Tunnel and Transport Mode

  36. Transport vs Tunnel Mode

  37. Authentication Header

  38. Authentication Header (2) • What is AH ? • A mechanism for providing strong integrity and authentication for IP datagrams • Provide secure communication using shared secret key and key exchange mechanism • Security Service by AH • Authentication • Data origin authentication using authentication data (MD5, SHA-1) • Integrity • Provide connectionless integrity based on individual IP datagram • Anti-replay attack • Protect replay attack using sequence number

  39. Authentication Header (2) • Security Mechanism • Default Implementation : HMAC with MD5 and SHA-1 • Negotiation (HMAC-MD5-96, HMAC-SHA-1-96, No Service, etc)

  40. IPSec Authentication Header

  41. Authentication Header • Next Header (8bits): • type of immediately following header (e.g TCP=6) • Payload length (8 bits): • Length of AH in 32-bit words minus 2 • Security Parameters Index (32 bits): • Identifies (with destination IP address) a security association (SA) • Sequence Number (32 bits): • Monotonically increasing counter up to 232 -1 (to discard replayed packets) • Authentication Data (variable): • variable field that contains the Integrity Check Value (ICV), or MAC

  42. Anti-Replay Service • Replay Attack: Obtain a copy of authenticated packet and later transmit to the intended destination • Mainly disrupts service • Sequence number is designed to prevent this type of attack

  43. Anti-Replay Service • Sender initializes seq num counter to 0 and increments as each packet is sent • Seq num < 232; otherwise new SA • If the limit of 232 – 1 is reached, the sender terminates this SA • IP is connectionless, unreliable service • So, not delivered in order Accordingly • Receiver implements window of W • Right edge of window is highest seq num, N, received so far

  44. Anti-Replay Service • Received packet within window & new, check MAC, if authenticated mark slot • Packet to the right of window, do check/mark & advance window to new seq num which is the new right edge • Packet to the left, or authentication fails, discard packet, & flag event

  45. Anti-Replay Service • Replay attack: getting a copy of an authenticated packet and then transmitting it to the intended destination • Each time a packet is sent on a SA, the sender increments the Sequence Number Counter (of SA) and places the values in the Sequence Number field (of AH) • Remember IP is a connectionless, unreliable service: packets may not all be delivered, and not in order

  46. Anti-Replay Service

  47. Anti-Replay Processing • If received packet is in the Window and new, MAC is checked. If OK, slot is marked • If to the right of the window and new, MAC is checked. If OK, window is moved to the right and slot is marked • If to the left of the window or if MAC not OK or not new, packet is discarded

  48. Anti-Replay Mechanism W = 64N = 104

  49. Integrity Check Value • Contained in the Authentication Data field • Is a truncated version of a code produced by a MAC algorithm (HMAC-MD5-96, HMAC-SHA-1-96), using the first 96 bits (default length of the Authentication Data field) • The MAC is calculated over: • “immutable” or “predictable” IP header fields (TTL is mutable; destination address, with source routing, is predictable) • The AH header other than the Authentication Data field • The upper level protocol data (like a TCP segment)

  50. End-to-end Authentication transport tunnel Two Ways To Use IPSec Authentication Service

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