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Thermal Models:

This article provides an introduction to thermal models, exploring topics such as hadrons, quarks, statistical mechanics of the Hadron Gas (HG), hadron matter QGP, chemical freeze-out, thermal freeze-out, exact charge conservation, and more.

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Thermal Models:

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  1. Thermal Models: 1) Introduction: Hadrons, Quarks, A+A 2) Statistical Mechanics of the HG (chemical potentials) 3)Hadron MatterQGP 4)Chemical Freeze-Out (hadron multiplicities) 5)Thermal Freeze-Out (hadron spectra) 6)Exact Charge Conservation: GCE CE MCE

  2. Colourredgreenblue Gluon mg = 0 , j = 1 8 charge (colour) states Straight gluon-gluon interactions

  3. QCD I. Confinement II. Asymptotic Freedom I. Mesons Baryons Anti-baryons weakly interacting gluons, quarks, anti-quarks II. QGP

  4. Statistical Mechanics in CE

  5. Statistical Mechanics in GCE

  6. MCE

  7. MCE and CE

  8. CE and GCE

  9. Relativistic Statistical Mechanics in GCE

  10. Particles i - ? Hadron Gas i: QGP i: B, Q, S 11

  11. Hadron-Resonance Gas, GCE, Boltzmann approximation One-particle Partition function Independent variables

  12. Baryon B and Strange S charges protons + neutrons B>0, S=0: 13

  13. Baryon B, Strange S and Electric Q charges B > 0 S = 0 Q At high collision energy 14

  14. Mean Multiplicity 15

  15. Mean Multiplicity 16

  16. Particle Number Distribution There are no correlations. Particle number distribution is a product of Poisson distributions GCE – no correlations Boltzmann – Poisson Poisson: scaled variance = 1

  17. Quantum Particle in a Box One-dimensional plane wave: Periodic boundary conditions:

  18. Quantum Ideal Gas

  19. Quantum Ideal Gas Bosons Fermions

  20. Number of States in

  21. Boltzmann approximation

  22. Fermi Distribution Non-relativistic approximation:

  23. Bose Distribution Bose Condensation: decreases with T Bose Condensate

  24. Bose Fermi Boltzmann

  25. Bose Fermi Boltzmann

  26. Bose Fermi Boltzmann

  27. Scaled Variance Bose Fermi Fermi

  28. Chemical potentials A A B, Q, S= const In the QGP

  29. Ideal Gas Spin Colors Ideal Gluon Gas: S-B Law Ideal Gas EOS for massless particles

  30. Ideal Quark-Gluon Gas anti q 3 (u, d, s) 16 Fermi 6 = 3 colors X 2 spin 16+31.5 = 47.5 If

  31. The Phase Diagramm QGP Hadrons Bag Model

  32. Energy Density QGP Mixed Phase Hadrons

  33. The Phase Diagramm QGP Hadron Gas

  34. Hadron Gas Model S=0 C=0 Resonance Decays:

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