Resilience Against Single Attacks in Wireless Mesh Networking for the Smart Grid

1. Resilience Against Single Attacks in Wireless Mesh Networking for the Smart Grid Tae (Tom) Oh Associate Professor Galisono College of Computing and Information Science Rochester Institute of Technology Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

2. Table of Contents • Driving Force of Change in Electrical Power • What is Smart Grid? • Smart Grid Benefits • Wireless Mesh Networking for Smart Grid. • Resilience Against Single Attack • A Proposed Solution for the Single Attack • NY State Smart Grid Consortium • Summery Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

3. Driving Forces of Change in Electric Power • Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2) have the potential to seriously impact the environment and local economies. • Power Outages wreak havoc and cost billions of dollars in lost productivity and revenue. • Security Threats are constant to the electric infrastructure. The physical and cyber security risks, from terrorists and hackers continue to grow exponentially. • Innovative Technology holds significant promise as a “game changer.” Innovation is pervasive across the electricity value chain (from smart appliances to advanced energy storage technologies). • Evolving Standards hold the key to the pace of development. Technical interoperability will be vital to ease of use, adoption rates, cyber security and avoiding stranded costs. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing these standards in conjunction with the GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC). Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

4. What is Smart grid? A smart grid puts information and communication technology into electricity generation, delivery, and consumption, making systems cleaner, safer, and more reliable and efficient.  U.S. Department of Energy Definition: A smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, control methods, and integrated communications into the current electricity grid. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

5. What does the concept of Smart Grid look like? Electrical Infrastructure “Intelligence” Infrastructure Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

6. Smart Grid Applications Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis Participation in Energy Markets Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing – Intelligent Responses! Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

7. Smart Grid Benefits • Economic Development • New Jobs: The manufacture, installation, operation and maintenance of the smart grid and its components will create new jobs within the state. • Innovation: Smart grid innovation will enable the growth of business while rewarding customers with valuable new products. • Lower Costs: Costs rise over time and energy is no exception, but the smart grid should provide less costly energy than otherwise would be possible. As such, it will save customers money which can be invested or consumed as they choose. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

8. Smart Grid Benefits-cont • Customer Satisfaction • Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improved reliability and better customer control will raise satisfaction among all types of customers (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional). • Improved Reliability: Smart grid will reduce and shorten outages and improve the quality of power. • Shorter Outages: The incorporation of advanced sensors and measurement (PMU), communication networks and smart systems will allow an unprecedented degree of system visibility and situational awareness of the electric power system. Smart grid will result in shorter outages through its “islanding” and “self-healing” features. • Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent and is aligned with the underlying economics of generation and distribution, customers’ decisions to save money will benefit society as well • Highest Security: Security will be incorporated into the design of the smart grid and will require the implementation of practices and procedures by individual stakeholders. In this way, the physical and cyber security risks can be managed to the highest standards possible. • Timely renewables: Smart grid is the enabler of more renewable energy. Its development will allow for the timely incorporation of these sustainable sources of power in a user-friendly, cost-effective manner. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

9. Wireless Mesh Networking for the Smart Grid Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology www.elstermetering.com

10. Wireless Mesh Networking for the Smart Grid Assumptions • Smart meters located at homes and businesses compose a neighborhood area network (NAN). • The NAN architecture is assumed to be a wireless mesh network • Meters communicate bidirectionally with a neighborhood "collector" via multihop routing. • Collectors are connected directly to a utility provider. • Smart meters have a limited range and not all meters can reach a collector directly. • Label switching concept in applied. • A meter may malfunction and interfere with the proper forwarding of packets, e.g., delaying, altering, misrouting, dropping, or misinserting packets. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

11. Resilience Against Single Attacks • A wireless mesh network depends on the cooperation of each node to properly forward packets to their destinations. • If a malicious attacker was located in a path, it could interfere with packet forwarding • Serious Problem: the traditional method to verify receipt of packets is acknowledgements and retransmission time-outs. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

12. Resilience Against Single Attacks Example • The sender waits for an acknowledgement or times out and retransmits. • If an attacker within the path is dropping packets, the destination would have no way to know that packets have been dropped, and the sender would not know if packets are being dropped due to malice or normal congestion conditions. • Moreover, an attacker could generate false acknowledgements to the sender to make it believe that packets had been delivered. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

13. A Proposed Solution • A new method taking advantage of route diversity in the mesh network. • Least two disjoint routes • Primary route: Used for send data • Secondary route: Used for send verification meta-data periodically. Data Sender Destination LSP X D S LSP Y Verification Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

14. A Proposed Solution-cont Data Sender Destination LSP X D S LSP Y Verification • Interference in the primary route by a malicious or malfunctioning • meter or collector can be detected by the verification meta-data • in secondary route. • Verification meta-data describes the packets sent along the primary route. • Meta-data fields: • LSP = X; • Time interval = 10 sec; • Current time = 0900; • Number of packets sent = 9; • Number of bytes sent = 1068; • Hash of packets sent = xxxxx. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

15. Other Research Activities in Smart Grid • A Method for Anonymous Packet Forwarding for Smart Grid. • Research Activity with Tenrehte • www.tenrehte.com • Enabling real-time communication between the consumer and utility so consumers can tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and/or environmental concerns. • Member of NY State Smart Grid Consortium. • Golisano College of Sustainability • Golisano College of Computing and Information Science • Smart grid networking and security • College of Engineering Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

16. New York State Strategic Smart Grid Vision Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

17. NY State Smart Grid Consortium Members Markets New York Independent System Operator (NYISO)New York Power Authority (NYPA)New York State Reliability Council Universities Brookhaven National LaboratoryClarkson UniversityCornell University Rochester Institute of TechnologyState University of New York at BuffaloState University of New York at Stony BrookSyracuse University Utilities Central Hudson G&EConsolidated Edison (Con Ed)Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)National GridNew York Power Authority (NYPA)New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG)Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E) End Users National GridNew York Power Authority (NYPA) Government City of New YorkNew York State Governor’s OfficeNew York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)New York Department of Public Service (NYDPS)New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR)Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination (CSCIC) Industry General ElectricIBM Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

18. Summary • Smart Grid is an emerging technology to provide next generation power grid and is promoted by many governments as a way of addressing energy independence, global warming and emergency resilience issues. • We proposed a solution to address a security issue in wireless mesh networks for smart grid. • Plan to publish a study on the performance and resilience of solution. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

19. Resources • New York State Smart Grid Consortium http://nyssmartgrid.com/ • U.S. Department of Energy-Smart Gridwww.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmThe Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability’s (OE) Web site on smart grid education, activities and other related topics. • The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/NETL’s (part of DOE’s national laboratory system) Web site on the modernization of our nation’s electricity grid. • Metering.com www.metering.comOnline resource of utility news and information for metering and customer management professionals • Smart Grid News.com www.smartgridnews.comOnline resource for smart grid news, research and analysis and a guide to smart grid stimulus spending. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

20. Any Questions? Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

21. Operating Principles • Customer-focused – Developing the most effective, efficient and • accessible smart grid to benefit all customers and communities. • • Strategically Aligned – Building a robust, dynamic and secure electricity • infrastructure by being collectively focused on the sustainable execution • and progression of the NYS smart grid strategy. • • Collaborative – Integrating and leveraging the resources of the consortium • membership - across industry, utility, market, academic and government institutions - • to assure the open and effective development of shared institutional knowledge. • • Innovative – Managing a well-defined nexus of R&D smart grid technologies and • systems to accelerate the advancement of technical and institutional interoperability • Performance-driven – Creating a transparent validation process to ensure • the progression and long-term achievement of the NYS smart grid to foster • economic development Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

22. Smart Grid Benefits-2 • Customer Satisfaction • Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improved • reliability and better customer control will raise satisfaction among all types • of customers (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional). • • Improved Reliability: The Advanced Transmission Operations (ATO) and • Advanced Distribution Operations (ADO) inherent in the smart grid will • reduce and shorten outages and improve the quality of power. • • Shorter Outages: The incorporation of advanced sensors and • measurement (PMU), communication networks and smart systems will • allow an unprecedented degree of system visibility and situational • awareness of the electric power system. Smart grid will result in shorter • outages through its “islanding” and “self-healing” features. • • Increased Efficiency: The integrated advanced components of the smart • grid will improve efficiency and lower costs for customers. • • Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent and • is aligned with the underlying economics of generation and distribution, • customers’ decisions to save money will benefit society as well. • • Highest Security: Security will be incorporated into the design of the smart • grid and will require the implementation of practices and procedures by • individual stakeholders. In this way, the physical and cyber security risks • can be managed to the highest standards possible. • • Timely renewables: Smart grid is the enabler of more renewable energy. • Its development will allow for the timely incorporation of these sustainable • sources of power in a user-friendly, cost effective manner. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

23. Wireless Mesh Networks for Smart Grid Assumption • Smart meters located at homes and businesses compose a neighborhood area network (NAN). • The NAN architecture is assumed to be a wireless mesh network where meters communicate bidirectionally with a neighborhood "collector" via multihop routing. • Collectors are connected directly to a utility provider. • Smart meters may be occasionally added, removed or relocated. • A meter may malfunction and interfere with the proper forwarding of packets, e.g., delaying, altering, misrouting, dropping, or misinserting packets. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

24. Technical Smart Grid Plan • Consumer Visibility to Energy Usage and Cost: Consumers of all categories • must have the ability to see the real-time costs of their energy choices. • • Consumers Empowered to Save Energy Costs and Participate in Markets: • Consumers must be able to act directly or indirectly, on that usage and • pricing information to make choices to save energy and money. • • Utilities have Enhanced Visibility and Control of Distribution Systems for • Reliability and Economics: Utilities have the devices and communication • systems in place to enable them to determine actual operational and • economic conditions at any point, at any time. • • Energy storage is used to improve economics and reliability: Storage • devices are integrated into the grid, to enable the most cost-effective • management of generation and usage. • • Transmission system reliability and economics are enhanced with smart • grid technologies: These are exploited to increase transmission utilization • and support cost effective renewables Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

25. Resilience Against Malicious or Malfunctioning Meters. • Clustering Algorithm: • Self organize the meters into clusters associated with each collector. • Routing Protocol: • Calculate a set of label switched paths (LSPs) to allow every meter to reach at least two collectors for resiliency. • Label switching is necessitated for privacy. Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology