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Gunpowder Empires & the Age of Exploration

This title covers the Renaissance in Europe, the effects of maritime exploration, the transformation of Europe, the colonization of the Americas, the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, Qing Dynasty, and Japan's interactions with Europe.

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Gunpowder Empires & the Age of Exploration

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  1. Gunpowder Empires & the Age of Exploration 1450-1750

  2. Renaissance Europe • Population decrease resulting from the plague actually gives peasants more bargaining power- feudalism begins to decline • Italy: Many different city-states, often in conflict • Humanism • Art

  3. Global Effects of Maritime Exploration • Biological exchange- Populations decrease due to disease, grow with introduction of new crops • Slavery • Economic benefits and disadvantages for Africans, Amerindians, and SE Asians • Increased wealth for Europe • Lays groundwork for European colonization and global domination

  4. Transformation of Europe • Protestant Reformation -1519 • Differences include marital status, works v. faith, simple v. ornate rituals, languages, monasteries, priestly authority • Thirty Years War, Peace of Westphalia 1618-1648 • Absolutism • Lots of poverty after 1530’s • American crops improve diet • Healthier people = fewer disease-related deaths • Urbanization and growth of industry in European cities • Early days of mercantilism

  5. Americas • Spain takes S. America, France and Britain in N. America • Spain uses mit’a and encomienda systems to exploit the labor of the native people • Silver floods the global market • God, gold & glory -> Sugar, silver & slaves • Religion is the primary agent of cultural transfer • In N. America, less cultural transfer- fur, tobacco, fish

  6. Ottoman Empire • 1300-1922 CE • 1453-Siege of Constantinople • Centralized authority- bureaucracy • Tolerant of other religions • Janissaries • Very powerful army and navy • Encouraged the immigration of Jews • Economic and military downturn in the late 16th/17th centuries

  7. Mughal Empire • 1526-1761 • Babur & Akbar • Major destination for overseas traders • Cotton goods • Manufactured products • Spices • Europe is very interested in the Islamic Empires (many missionaries and diplomats are sent to investigate), but not vice-versa • Power shifts away from land based empires even more, and toward naval powers

  8. Qing • 1630s- famine and rebellion • “Pure” • Manchus • Very rapid population growth • Agriculture became far more productive as new crops were introduced from the Americas • Global trade exploded • Extremely patriarchal family structure- filial piety

  9. NEO-CONFUCIANISM The three teachings are one!

  10. Japan • Tokugawa Shogunate 1600-1867 • Kept close control over the Daimyo • Alternate year attendance policies • Led to the impoverishment/restriction of nobility FROM CHINA: • Confucian social hierarchy- filial piety and loyalty and obedience to elders/superiors • Warriors turned into scholars, administrators • Merchants at the bottom even though their activities stimulated the economy • Education • Buddhism

  11. Interactions with Europe • Trade • Introduce technology (guns) • Tightly controlled relationship, however • Japanese could not go abroad or they would be executed • No large ships • No import of foreign books • Almost all Asian trade, SOME trade with the Dutch

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