AP Euro Today 9/19

1. AP Euro Today 9/19 • Outcome: You’ll be able to describe the tangled relationship of Queen Elizabeth and Mary, Queen of Scots. Then you’ll do a little spy work. • Begin HW: 496-97. The Armada

2. One of the greatest soap operas in European history… • The entangled lives of Elizabeth I and Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (right)

3. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots • Why were she and Elizabeth enemies? • How were their relationships with men totally different? • Why did Elizabeth have to have Mary executed?

4. Royal Cousins, Royal Enemies Mary was the granddaughter of Henry VIII’s sister, Margaret, making them second cousins. Here are Elizabeth (left) and Mary (right) at about thirteen. Mary was nine years younger than Elizabeth.

5. Reasons why Mary Stuart & Elizabeth Tudor were enemies • Mirror, mirror on the wall… • The religious divide • Two royal egos

6. One more difference? • Elizabeth didn’t have an heir, Mary did – a son! • Elizabeth was facing the same issue her father had—what if she died without a son?

7. Because Mary had a son • Might she a better bet for England’s future?

8. But if Elizabeth could look ahead in time… • She would learn that she would be remembered as a far, far greater monarch than Mary—perhaps the greatest of all the English kings and queens.

9. The Men in their Lives…

10. Elizabeth was evidently in love with courtier Robert Dudley, who was married. But his wife, Amy, was sickly…

11. Their attraction was an open secret… • Dudley went too far once. • While playing a heated tennis match, he strode up to Elizabeth, took her handkerchief, wiped his face, and casually tossed it back. • Rude, dude.

12. The plot thickened when Dudley’s wife, Amy… • Mysteriously fell down a flight of stairs and broke her neck. • It was too “convenient.” If there had been a romance, between Elizabeth and Dudley, it was now destroyed. Elizabeth had to send him away. • Elizabeth flirted but never got serious with another man—she was “married to England.” • Unlike Elizabeth, it was men who dominated—and complicated—Mary Stuart’s life.

13. Mary’s Men… • In 1558, at 16, she married the French King (Francis II). • It was a good match—Mary was the King of Scotland’s only child, and France could take advantage of this alliance. • But Francis died a year later.

14. The widow was a catch • Her creamy skin, reddish-golden hair and her lively spirit were formidable. When she batted her long eyelashes, strong men’s knees buckled.

15. Marriage #2 • In 1561, Mary returned to Scotland, the land of her birth, marrying Lord Darnley. • She liked his looks. • He liked his Scotch.

16. The Rizzio Murder should reveal Darnley’s character to you… • Darnley was jealous of the affection Mary felt for her secretary, David Rizzio. • At her palace in Edinburgh, Holyrood House, Darnley and his friends butchered a terrified Rizzio in front of Mary’s eyes. • They stabbed him more than fifty times.

17. Mary’s friends volunteer to bump off Darnley, who has become increasingly abusive. • In 1567, they blow up his home.

18. They just miss him. • Darnley, hearing noises in his basement, is running away—still wearing his nightgown. • He runs head-on, in the garden, into the plotters. • So they strangle him. • Mary married the leader of the plotters: The Earl of Bothwell (right) The Earl of Bothwell

19. All of this drama happened… • Before Mary turned 25 years old.

20. Outraged at her marriage to an apparent murderer, the Scots chased Mary from country.

21. Scots posted graffiti like this. A “mermaid” was slang for a whore.

22. So Mary fled to England • She appealed to Elizabeth for protection.

23. Mary had to leave Scotland in a hurry… • Her luggage—probably lost by British Airways?—winds up in Elizabeth’s possession. • The Queen (ahem!) “liberates” some of Mary Stuart’s jewelry

24. The troubled life of Mary Queen of Scots, gets MORE troubled. • Mary will be housed in different homes & castles for 17 years • Elizabeth constantly suspected Mary of plotting to overthrow her. Rightly so.

25. Mary’s downfall… • Will come from her dependence on another man—a Catholic rebel named Anthony Babington. • It will be Elizabeth I’s chief of spies, Sir FrancisWalshingham (right), who provides the evidence that dooms the Queen of Scots.

26. Later in class… • You’ll see why Elizabeth had to have Mary executed—you’ll break the same secret code that Walshingham’s agents broke.

27. For Philip II, Mary’s death represented a second failure • His first attempt at re-Catholicizing England—and making it an ally, rather than an enemy—had failed with the death of his wife, Mary I (“Bloody Mary”) • His second attempt ended with Mary Stuart’s (Queen of Scots) execution • Now, he would use force to subdue England

28. The Armada will provide Elizabeth with the opportunity to make this speech, at Tilbury, England, as the Armada nears the coast. These are the words she used. Look at the reaction of her soldiers. • Queen Elizabeth's Tilbury Speech - Anne-Marie Duff - YouTube

29. The irony of the Elizabeth-Mary rivalry? • Mary’s son, King James VI of Scotland, would become James I of England • Like Elizabeth, James was heir to an executed queen

30. Another great irony? • As entangled as their lives were, Mary and Elizabeth never met.

31. Today, three queens are buried at Westminster Abbey

32. Elizabeth shares her tomb with the half-sister who wasn’t all that nice to her—Mary Tudor. • The two lie side by side. • Just around the corner…

33. All by herself, so she can be the center of attention… • is Mary, Queen of Scots.

34. Why did Elizabeth have to have Mary executed?

35. It’s your turn to find out. • Use the reading, “The Babington Plot,” to finish your class notes. • Once your notes are finished, get to work: You are now one of Queen Elizabeth’s secret agents. • Your job: Decode the message Mary’s sent to her plotters!