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Cell Design and Function

Dive into the world of cells with this detailed guide covering cell theory, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, cellular organelles, microscopes, and more. Understand how cells function and their roles in living organisms.

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Cell Design and Function

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  1. Cell Design and Function VMHS Science

  2. Cell Theory The Cell Theory States the Following: 1.All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The Cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells through Mitosis or Meiosis.

  3. The Two Basic Cell Types • Prokaryotes:the cells of most unicellular organisms like bacteria lacking membrane-bound structures.image • Eukaryotes:Most multicellular organisms that contain membrane-bound structures. image

  4. Prokaryote Characteristics • Include Kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. diagram • Contains Circular DNA image • Genetic material not bound by a nuclear envelope. • Divide by fission.image • No membrane-bound organelles.

  5. Eukaryote Characteristics • Include Kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protista. diagram • Contains linear DNA condensed into chromosomes image • Genetic material is bound by a nuclear envelope image • Divide by sexual reproduction--meiosis and mitosis. animation • Contains membrane-bound organelles.

  6. Microscopes • Total magnification is found by multiplying the Eyepiece lens magnification times the Objective Lens. Complete the table below:

  7. CELLULAR ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTION

  8. The Plasma Membrane • Maintains homeostasis • creates a barrier for the cell. • Protection • semi-permeable image

  9. The Nucleus • Contains the genetic info. (DNA) • Assembles Ribosomes • Central Processing Unit • Nuclear Envelope and pores

  10. The Ribosomes • A small, NON-membrane bound organelle. • Located in the cytoplasm and the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). • Produced in the nucleolus. • rRNA functions to assemble proteins from amino acids. • Composed of both DNA and RNA.

  11. Ribosomes

  12. The Mitochondrion • Produces cellular energy for the cell in the form of ATP. (=Adenosine-P-P-P).image • Contains highly folded internal membranes called cristae. image • Contains it’s own DNA (theorized to have once been a single-celled organism) image • Contains an inner and outer compartment image

  13. The Mitochondrion (cont’d) • Divides asexually (fission) similarly to that of a prokaryotic organism. image • The # of mitochondria in a cell is determined by that cell’s energy needs. image (Ex: Muscle cells contain more mitochondria than do skin cells.)

  14. The Golgi Apparatus • Contains a single membrane. • Is a stack of vessicles involved in packaging macromolecules for transport through the cell. • Golgi vessicles are involved in transporting material out of cell.

  15. The Golgi Apparatus Large Vessicle Small Vessicle AK BACK

  16. The Golgi Apparatus • Vessicle Contents: 1) hormonal/enzyme contents of lysosomes. 2) Peroxisomes that breakdown toxic hydrogen peroxide. 3) Secretory vessicles that transport material via exocytosis. image

  17. The Endoplasmic Reticulum • Attached to the nucleus to form a transportation network for protein distribution. • Two Types: • 1) Smooth ER: Ribosome-free and produces lipids and membrane proteins. • 2) Rough ER: w/ribosomes and produces other proteins.

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum

  19. LYSOSOMES • Contain digestive enzymes. • Digests excess or worn out organelles, food particles, bacteria, & viruses. • Has a membrane to protect the rest of the cell from the strong digestive enzymes.

  20. The Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

  21. PLANT CELL • Has a few different organelles than an animal cell. • A plant cell has a cell wall. • A plant cell has chloroplasts. • A plant cell has a vacuole.

  22. CELL WALL • An inflexible barrier that protects a plant cell and gives it support. • Composed of cellulose. • Allows materials to enter, but it is not selective like the plasma membrane.

  23. VACUOLES • Located in the cytoplasm. • Temporary storage containers. Store food, enzymes, & other materials needed by the cell. • Some vacuoles store waste products.

  24. Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy. • Has a double membrane • Inside the membranes, the thylakoid gain energy from trapped sunlight. • The thylakoid are arranged in stacks called grana. • The grana is surrounded by a fluid called stroma. CHLOROPLASTS • Chloroplasts contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.

  25. The Six Kingdoms of Life Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista Archaebacteria Eubacteria

  26. The Six Kingdoms of Life Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista Archaebacteria Eubacteria

  27. Escherichia coli undergoing cell fission.

  28. Image showing Mitochondrial DNA

  29. Image of Circular DNA AK BACK

  30. Secretion: Expelling via exocytosis Vessicle being expelled into exterior Vessicle fusing with the plasma membrane AK BACK

  31. Click on the image the first time. Prokaryotic Cell

  32. Click on the image the first time. Eukaryotic Cell

  33. Double-Stranded DNA

  34. Eukaryote--Nuclear Envelope

  35. Sperm entering egg.

  36. The Phospholipid Bilayer

  37. The ATP Cellular Energy Molecule

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