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More on Computer Components

Learn about computer switches, binary number system, CPU, cache memory, types of RAM, computer buses, and how computers process digital data.

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More on Computer Components

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  1. More on Computer Components • Computer switches • Binary number system • Inside the CPU • Cache memory • Types of RAM • Computer buses • Creating faster CPUs NEXT SLIDE

  2. ON OFF Digital Data: Switches and Bits • Electronic switches: • Vacuum tubes • Transistors • Integrated circuits • Binary number system: • Representing numbers • Representing letters and symbols • ASCII • Unicode NEXT SLIDE

  3. Electronic Switches • Non-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuits • Types of electronic switches: • Vacuum tubes • Transistors: • Semiconductors • Integrated circuits NEXT SLIDE

  4. OFF ON Switches Representing Data • The on/off state of a switch represents one bit of data • Bit (binary digit): • On = 1 • Off = 0 OR = 1 bit 0 1 NEXT SLIDE

  5. The Binary Number System • Number systems: • Organized ways to represent numbers Binary 2 digits 0 and 1 Base 10 10 digits 0 through 9 Base 10 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 89 5 8 3 2 NEXT SLIDE

  6. Representing Letters and Symbols • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): • 8 bits equal 1 byte • 256 different combinations • 1 byte equals an alphanumeric character or symbol • Unicode: • 16 bits equal 1 byte • 65000 different combinations • Used for all languages: • English, Japanese, Chinese, etc. A a B b C ON OFF Click here to view an ASCII Code chart NEXT SLIDE

  7. The CPU: Processing Digital Information • CPU components • Types of CPUs • What the CPU does: • Machine cycle: • System clock • Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

  8. The CPU • Also known as a microprocessor or processor • Executes instructions • Components include: • Control unit • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Registers • Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

  9. Types of CPUs NEXT SLIDE

  10. The CPU’s Machine Cycle • Also known as the processing cycle • Fetch: • The Control Unit searches cache memory and then RAM for program instructions • Instructions are moved to the Control Unit • Decode: • The Control Unit reads and prepares the program instructions • The instructions are sent to the ALU • Execute: • The ALU performs the calculations • Store: • The results are stored in the registers Click here to view the video “Inside the Chip” by Intel NEXT SLIDE

  11. The System Clock • Located on the motherboard • Controls the CPU’s processing cycles • Clock cycle: • Pulse or tick • Clock speed: • Number of pulses per second • Measured in hertz (Hz) NEXT SLIDE

  12. Cache Memory • Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it: • Level 1 • Level 2 • Stores recent or frequently used instructions and data • Used for quick access by the CPU NEXT SLIDE

  13. RAM: The Next Level of Temporary Storage • Dynamic RAM (DRAM): • Loses its electrical charge • Needs to be refreshed • SDRAM: • Synchronous DRAM • DDR SDRAM • Double data rate SDRAM • RDRAM: • Rambus DRAM • Static RAM (SRAM): • Does not lose its electrical charge • Faster than DRAM • Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

  14. Memory and Size • Data stored in bytes. • Sizes: • 1KB – 1 kilobyte means 1024 bytes • 1MB – 1 Megabyte, approx. 1 million bytes • 1GB – 1 Gigabyte, approx. a thousand MBs. (1,000,000,000 bytes)

  15. Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway • Bus: • Electrical pathway used to move data between components • Local bus: • Connects the CPU with the memory • Expansion bus: • Connects the CPU with peripheral devices 01100010 01001000 01110011 00100111 NEXT SLIDE

  16. Bus Performance • Bus clock speed: • Rate of speed data moves from one location to another • Measured in Mhz (millions of clock cycles per second) • Bus width: • The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time • Measured in bits: • 16 bits • 32 bits NEXT SLIDE

  17. Types of Expansion Buses • ISA and EISA: • Found on older computers • Connects mouse, modem, and sound card • PCI: • Faster than ISA and EISA • Found on modern computers • Connects network, modem, and sound card • AGP: • Used for three-dimensional graphics • Connects the graphics card and memory NEXT SLIDE

  18. Making Computers Faster • Pipelining: • The CPU processes more than one instruction at a time Non-pipelined CPU Instruction 1 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 2 Fetch Decode Execute Store Pipelined CPU Instruction 1 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 2 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 3 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 4 Fetch Decode Execute Store NEXT SLIDE

  19. Making Computers Faster • Dual processing: • Two CPUs on the same system • Each processor shares the workload • Parallel processing: • Network of computers • Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously Dual processors NEXT SLIDE

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