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NSS INTENSIVE TRAINING. TANZANIA HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEMS NOEL JORAM PHD CANDIDATE UNIVERSITY OF VECHTA. NSS INTENSIVE TRAINING. Social work in pre-colonial society. communities lived in communities and assisted each other in times of need.
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NSS INTENSIVE TRAINING TANZANIA HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEMS NOEL JORAM PHD CANDIDATE UNIVERSITY OF VECHTA
NSS INTENSIVE TRAINING • Social work in pre-colonial society. • communities lived in communities and assisted each other in times of need. • The children were regarded as children of the society and the community was obligated to raise a child as your own. This need extended to the elderly and the disabled in the society.
NSS INTENSIVE TRAINING • Colonial period • With the coming of the colonialists in search of raw materials, labour and markets as well as areas of investment there was a need to establish schools, hospitals and basic infrastructural lines so as to ease work in plantations and mines • They also enacted laws, such as children and young persons ordinance 1937,affiliation ordinance 1949, probation of offenders ordinance of 1947, foster care and adoption ordinance of 1955.
SOCIAL WELFARE AFTER INDEPENDENCE • POLICY OF SOCIALISM AND SELF RELIANCE. • Immediately after independence 1961 social welfare department was formed. To care for the young erdely and the old. Envisioned a society that had ideals of self reliance, freedom, respect for human rights, respect, equality, peace, unity, and people centred development . Julius Nyerere 1964
Socialism and self reliance • Nyerere argued that Tanzanian poverty and national weakness made “socialism” the only rational choice with the aim of meeting peoples needs and not making profit. • Capitalism was seen as incapable of meeting Tanzania aspiration to become self determinant, fight for poverty for human dignity and avoidance of classes.
socialism and self reliance This welfarism policy in 1964 declared war against povery, ignorance and deseases. • With a population of an approx. 12 million human resource accross differenproffession were alarming in both technical and proffessional level. we had a total of 2246 technical and proffesional employees and 691 were of african origin. 1 sergion a total of 223 teachers. No qualified social workers!!!!!
socialism and self reliance • Majority of the population were scattered in rural areas and measures were taken in order to move social services near to the population. • Villagilization, in the beginning it was voluntary for people to move to ujamaa villages, social services were put closer, they also become important centres for promotion of literacy among both old and young. • According to Nuru (1999)in1980’s even in time of economic hardship Tanzania had on of the highest literacy rate in africa at 91%
Socialism and Self reliance. • Cooperatives were centres of all activities • 90% had atleast one village cooperative store within • For those living in Ujamaa village free safe water was provided. • Some cooperatives sponsored people to study abroad etc • 60% had relatively easy access to health centers and dispensaries.
socialism and self reliance • Ujamaa meant familyhood and legitimatised itself by evoking an idealized construction of traditional African form of family. • It emphasized reciprocity, collective effort and an open version of community. • Extended family was important but also volunteerism spirit was instilled in social work activities to all professionals and non professionals. • Community worked together to take care of the marginalised.
structural adjustment • In 1973 the first institute of social work was established known as national social welfare institute. • It was the first to produce professional social workers in the government offices.
Socialism and self reliance • Gender • Through TANU they established women wing called UWT to oversee development of women. • Sponsored adult education, political programmes at community centers. • Designed programs for women literacy. Others have criticized this wing as dominated to politicians wives, with conservative programmes which tried to inculcate women into modern methods of child and house keeping.
socialism and self reliance • Ujamaa succeeded in social welfare terms such as the provision of health and educational facilities; a movement towards greater social equality in income distribution; the maintenance of political stability and the achievement of a substantial degree of harmony between the country's ethnic groups
socialism and self reliance • Ujamaa failed due to different factors, population increase didnot go hand in hand with free welfare policies. • War with Idd Amin, OIL prices, Leadership subotage, AID freeze, drought and the main source was agriculture etc.
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES • In the late 1980‘s the country was in a serious financil difficulty needed support from IMF and WB. • They set conditionalities for funding • Devaluation • Dimunition of state control • Cuts on expenditures on health & education • Privatisation • Liberal economy
structural adjustment • In the past the tribe, clan and family systems had more adequately met welfare needs of the community. • The social economic environment was different and has adverse effect on traditional socialization practices. • Urbanisation, migration and formal education weakened the role of the family and the clan in the care of the children
structural adjustment SAP’s had the folowing effects on social welfare /fisical austerity curtailed social sector • User fee in the health sector • Pregnant women and rural people were unable to access crucial medical services. • Cuts of education spending in tz from 1.6-0.6% • Number of students deteriorated and the quality • Ambitious literacy programmes were halted. • Classes of types of education emerged.
structural adjustment • According to the Oxfam report (1998) Tanzania debt repayment were nine times what is spent on health and four times what it spent on education.
structural adjustment • On gender • Given the structural make up of households as the household budget were squeezed and cost of social services increased eg. Education children had to remain at home but not their brothers. • Migration and brain drain was also a problem.
structural adjustment • Priority was given to economic growth and protection of business interests rather than universal social welfare. • A residual model of welfare was provided primarily as social insurance tied to people’s work. • It was during this period there was proliferation of NGO’s that started to fill in gaps in on social problems related to poverty
structural adjustment religious organisations also played its part in filling in social workers roles. Most of the problems here includes unemployment, alcohol abuse, child and wife abuse, sexual assault, single parenthood, aged care, family rejection, lack of access to adequate education and health, orphaned, inadequate food distribution, and prevalence of STI’s and HIV/AIDS .
International development agencies have and civil societies have continued to play a leading role in dealing with social welfare issues. USAID, SIDA etc. Have continue to fund education and the health sector. • In the budget of 2013/2014. the Ministry requested 471.3 B Tshs in which 435 were donor funded. Only 36 B Tshs are locally funded.
SS INTENSIVE TRAINING • Learning from the history. • As the number of proffessional workers increase we need them to get involved more in the work • Through Tanzania association of social workers there is a need to continue to strengtther the professionalism. • with the budget constraints it is important to social workers need to play a catalyst role that will empower different social group to work together to better their situation.
NSS INTENSIVE TRAINING • For higher learning institutions it is important to collaborate and work together to increase the quality of professionals in social work • SAUT is expecting to have a diploma and degree in social work....
