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Constantinople

Constantinople. Cityscape of Istanbul (formerly Constantinople). Surrounded on 3 sides by water; good for trade and defense Control of Bosporus Strait made the city a shipping and trading hub. Protected by 13 miles of walls, watchtowers, and gates Walls only needed to be built

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Constantinople

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  1. Constantinople

  2. Cityscape of Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) • Surrounded on 3 sides • by water; good for trade and defense • Control of Bosporus • Strait made the city a • shipping and trading hub • Protected by 13 miles of walls, • watchtowers, and gates • Walls only needed to be built • on one side of the city • Survived centuries of riots, • religious discord, wars, • and 88 leaders • Seized by Turks in 1453 and • Renamed Istanbul; today it • is a major city in modern • Turkey • Capital of Eastern • Roman Empire; heavily • influenced by Roman culture • Just like Rome, built on seven hill • and divided into 14 districts

  3. Mosaic Portrait of Emperor Justinian I

  4. Justinian • How Justinian was described: • While alive Justinian was described as devout, determined, and energetic • After he died, Procopius referred to Justinian as two-faced and cruel and a liar

  5. What Justinian Accomplished • Came to throne at age 45;considered Byzantium’s most ambitious ruler • Acted as head of church and state • Drove barbarians out of North Africa, Spain, and Italy • Expanded Byzantine Empire but failed to capture Rome • Built bridges, churches, hospitals, libraries, parks

  6. Legal Codes • Justinian’s scholars revised laws and created Corpus Juris Civilis • This code of Justinian influenced many Western legal codes

  7. Empress Theodora

  8. Theodora • Born into a lower class family • Her father was a bear trainer for the circus • She was an actress and a dancer • She traveled before she got married • She was strong and intelligent

  9. Theodora • Theodora sometimes angers Justinian by giving orders that cancel his • She helped all women expand their rights • Especially the poor and homeless • She was concerned about the welfare of young girls • Theodora destroyed her enemies; she told Justinian not to flee, but to crush the Nika Rebellion

  10. Interior of Hagia Sophia This is a pendentive; it joins the wall with the base of the dome Height=180 ft. Diameter=107 ft. dome contains 40 Stained glass windows at its circumference Mosaics (pictures made Of pieces of colored glass Or stone inlaid in plaster) glittered in the daytime. Six colors of marble Were used building the walls, arches, and columns

  11. Key points in the history of the Hagia Sophia • Built during reign of Justinian; largest of Justinian’s 25 new cathedrals • Built in 5 years AD 532-537 and is also known as Church of Holy Wisdom • When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque • Today it is a museum

  12. Important Concepts Found in Hagia Sophia’s Architecture • Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life • Ornate interior symbolizes spiritual universe • Cathedral’s size, thick pillars, and enclosed space show Roman influence • Intricate and ornate design shows Eastern influences

  13. Icons • In the West icons were to be respected • Icons are pictures of important Christians or sacred events. They take the form of murals, mosaics or wooden panels. • In the East icons were used, although many disapproved of them

  14. How the Great Schism Happened • Christians in the Holy Roman Empire used icons because few people could read • Some Christians in the Byzantine Empire disapproved of showing devotion to icons. • The controversy over icons raged for years it was one of many conflicts between the Church in the east and the west. • In 1054 AD the Christian church split into two churches forever.

  15. Catholic Church Catholic is Latin for “universal” Masses conducted in Latin Pope thought to be supreme religious authority Clergy was celibate Orthodox Church Orthodox is Greek for “correct belief” Masses conducted inGreek; Bible translated into various languages Patriarch appointed by Byzantine emperor Bishops celibate; priests could marry West East

  16. Lands and Trading Routes of the Byzantine Empire

  17. Constantinople: A hub of trade and culture • England • Export: iron and tin • Import: works of the ancient Greeks • France • Export: fine wines and wool • Import: silk (after stealing process from Chinese)

  18. Trade • Spain Export: cork and grain Import: bronze church doors Africa Export: ivory and gold Import: silk (after stealing process from Chinese)

  19. Trade • Russia • Export: honey, wood, and furs • Import: art and architecture • China • Export: silk • Import: Christianity

  20. Trade • India • Export: spice, pepper, and jewels • Import: ivory • Constantinople • Known as “The City”; home to the wealthy and powerful • Connected to three continents by caravan tracks, rivers, seaways, and roads

  21. Constantinople • Protected by water; triple-wall system, Golden Horn chain, and Greek fire • Endured centuries of attacks and not captured until 1453 by the Turks

  22. Notes Hagia Sophia-beautiful cathedral- built during Justinian’s reign Masses Conducted In Greek Controlled Bosporus Strait Surrounded by water On 3 sides Religion Icons were Used by some Constantinople Geography Had access to Black Sea And Mediterranean Sea Most residents Were Christians

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