David T. Shaw ( 蕭台戈 ) State University of New York at Buffalo Amherst, NY

1. Issues at nexus of energy/Water/climate/air pollution (newcap) on sustainable environmental development David T. Shaw (蕭台戈) State University of New York at Buffalo Amherst, NY

2. Outline • Review of issues at the nexus of energy/water/climate/air pollution (NEWCAP) • Perspective of energy sustainability • Perspective of water sustainability • Issues at the energy/water nexus • Sustainability science: How we should transform to a sustainable society. • Summary

3. Taiwan’s Transition to Sustainability • To be competitive in the global markets, Taiwan needs plans for sustainable development of energy and water resources. • The country’s political system is perpetually planning for the next election cycle and is incapable of laying out roadmaps for transitions to energy and water sustainability. Energy Water 近代工程研討會 Taipei, Taiwan November 11-14,2012

4. German’s green revolution

6. Drivers of water-resource stress Severe floods and droughts Agriculture demand for water Substitution, reduction And regeneration

7. Effects of combustion emissions on precipitation extremes

8. Cloud formation processes Cloud formation from emissions from ocean liners

9. How can humans affect clouds? • By changing CCN; cloud properties are a strong function of their concentration. • This phenomenon is known as aerosol indirect effect. • The aerosol indirect effect can lead to climatic cooling by: • Increasing cloud reflectivity (albedo) • Increasing cloud lifetime & coverage. Higher A l bedo Lower A l bedo CCN CCN Clean Environment Polluted Environment (few CCN) (more CCN)

10. Is the indirect effect important? Pollution is a global problem. CCN are emitted together with greenhouse gases. Asian pollution plumes. Biomass burning in the Amazon. Is the indirect effect globally important?

11. ? Indirect effect s are very complex Aerosol Size Distribution and Chemical Composition Cloud Radiative Properties Cloud Droplet Number and Size Well Defined This problem has historically been reduced to finding the relationship between aerosol number concentration and cloud droplet number concentration. Empirical relationships are often used.

13. Conceptual model of aerosol effects… Conceptual model: HAIL Graphics by Robert Simmon, NASA

14. Water efficiency and productivity

15. Domestic vs. industrial water usasage JianyaoChen, et al (2006)

16. Water scarcity Water scarcity affects economic development in the underdeveloped countries It’s also important for biodiversity in the developed country

17. Water efficiency and productivity Substitution: Rainwater (from roof) and graywater (laundry, dishwasher, and bathing) can be used in place of drinking water for a variety of activities. Regeneration: Domestic waste water can be treated to replenish groundwater Reduction: water productivity can be increased by reducing the volume of water used for a fixed value of goods and services.

18. Resource augmentation Folsom dam, California In addition to resource augmentation, water efficiency and productivity are important

19. Water resources under stress Colorado Yellow Nile Many world’s major rivers never reach their deltas

20. Desalination

21. Reclamation

22. Groundwater depletion and replenishment

23. The imbalance is made up by groundwater

24. Hydrology cycle and water resources TaikanOki et al, Science (2006) All of these environmental issues are linked to each other, and eventually are tied to water resources which are the focus of our discussion. 近代工程研討會 Taipei, Taiwan November 11-14,2012

25. Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) Two GRACE satellites The positions of which change in response to variations in Earth’s gravity field

26. How GRACE works • When the two spacecraft pass over the ocean, the distance between them is unchanged  • when the lead spacecraft encounters a change in gravity over a denser land mass, it pulls away from the trailing spacecraft, which is still over water. • The lead spacecraft moves back over water, but now the trailing spacecraft changes position in response to the greater pull of gravity over the land mass.

27. Summary • Water and energy security in Asia-Pacific region in the face of climate change and rising populations is an issue of global importance. • Sustainability science has emerged over the past two decades as a response to critical issues of the 21st century. • As the 2008 global financial crisis showed us, too many policy failures of technological/economic/environmental/social (TEEC) problems are fundamentally failures of knowledge. • Germany’s carbon-neutral energy revolution is facing many uncertainties. • We propose to pursue a multidisciplinary approach and establish new sustainability science institutions for efficient knowledge creation through TEEC model simulation and integrative systems design.