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Benchmark Companies Inc PO Box 473768 Aurora CO 80047

Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors. Benchmark Companies Inc PO Box 473768 Aurora CO 80047. Forward . Upon completion, you will: Be given information on Conductors Be given information on Insulators Be given information on Semiconductors

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Benchmark Companies Inc PO Box 473768 Aurora CO 80047

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  1. Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors Benchmark Companies Inc PO Box 473768 Aurora CO 80047

  2. Forward • Upon completion, you will: • Be given information on Conductors • Be given information on Insulators • Be given information on Semiconductors • Be presented the information needed to complete the Exercise “ELT106 Electron Theory” • Be presented the information needed to complete the Exercise “ELT106 Conductors”

  3. Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors • Conductors • Insulators • Semiconductors

  4. Introduction In this lesson we will discuss the atomic level difference between Insulators, conductors and semiconductors. We will also explore the uses of each of these different types of elements

  5. Conductors Electrons can flow in all matter. However, this flow is much easier through some materials than others. A good conductor is material through which electrons can easily flow with little energy applied.

  6. Conductors There are a variety of conductors on the market.

  7. Conductors Each size is designed for a specific purpose

  8. Conductors Each specific purpose may required a specific type of conductor.

  9. Conductors Metals such ascopper,silver, gold, aluminum and ironare considered good conductors since they have many free electrons. +26 +29 +47 +79 +13 Fe 2 valence electrons Cu 1 valence electron Ag 1 valence electron Au 1 valence electron Al 3 valence electrons

  10. Conductors Copper is the most commonly used conductor because it isrelatively inexpensiveand hasgood conductingability. +26 +29 +47 +79 +13 Fe 2 valence electrons Cu 1 valence electron Ag 1 valence electron Au 1 valence electron Al 3 valence electrons

  11. Conductors The electrical conducting properties of various materials are determined by thenumber of electrons in the valence shellof the atoms +26 +29 +47 +79 +13 Fe 2 valence electrons Cu 1 valence electron Ag 1 valence electron Au 1 valence electron Al 3 valence electrons

  12. Conductors The outer shell (valence shell) never contains more than 8 electrons. Generally, a conductor has only1,2 or 3 electronsin its outer shell. +26 +29 +47 +79 +13 Fe 2 valence electrons Cu 1 valence electron Ag 1 valence electron Au 1 valence electron Al 3 valence electrons

  13. Conductors The electrons in these shells are held loosely and there is room for more. +26 +29 +47 +79 +13 Fe 2 valence electrons Cu 1 valence electron Ag 1 valence electron Au 1 valence electron Al 3 valence electrons

  14. Conductors There is no such thing as an ideal conductor. In anideal conductorthere would be no resistance to electron flow. This would be ideal in electronics.

  15. Conductors Due to physical effects offrictioncaused by electron movement,heat byexternal forcesand by thestructure of the conductoritself, The electron movement hassome resistance.

  16. Conductors Conductors have very low resistance. Less than 1 Ohm for 10 ft of copper is a Typical value.

  17. Conductors Wire sizes are measured by a standard known asAWG (American Wire Gage). • Examples of wire sizes are: size diameter cmil Ohms/1000 feet Typ. Current limit • 22 AWG 25.35 mil 642.4 16.46 0.5-1.0 Amp • 20 AWG 31.96 mil 1022 10.35 • 18 AWG 40.30 mil 1624 6.510 • 16 AWG 50.82 mil 2583 4.090 • 14 AWG 64.08 mil 4107 2.575 15Amp 120Volt • 12 AWG 80.81 mil 6530 1.619 20Amp 240Volt • 10 AWG 101.9 mil 10,380 1.018 30Amp 120/240Volt • 8 AWG 128.5 mil 16,510 0.6405 40Amp 120/240Volt • 6 AWG 162.0 mil 26,250 0.4028 • 4 AWG 204.3 mil 41,740 0.2533 • 2 AWG 257.6 mil 66,370 0.1593

  18. Conductors Wire sizes are measured by a standard known as AWG (American Wire Gage). • Examples of wire sizes are: size diameter cmil Ohms/1000 feet Typ. Current limit • 22 AWG 25.35 mil 642.4 16.46 0.5-1.0 Amp • 20 AWG 31.96 mil 1022 10.35 • 18 AWG 40.30 mil 1624 6.510 • 16 AWG 50.82 mil 2583 4.090 • 14 AWG 64.08 mil 4107 2.575 15Amp 120Volt • 12 AWG 80.81 mil 6530 1.619 20Amp 240Volt • 10 AWG 101.9 mil 10,380 1.018 30Amp 120/240Volt • 8 AWG 128.5 mil 16,510 0.6405 40Amp 120/240Volt • 6 AWG 162.0 mil 26,250 0.4028 • 4 AWG 204.3 mil 41,740 0.2533 • 2 AWG 257.6 mil 66,370 0.1593 Diameter is measured in mils. 1 mil is equal to 1/1000th of an inch.

  19. Conductors Wire sizes are measured by a standard known as AWG (American Wire Gage). • Examples of wire sizes are: size diameter cmil Ohms/1000 feet Typ. Current limit • 22 AWG 25.35 mil 642.4 16.46 0.5-1.0 Amp • 20 AWG 31.96 mil 1022 10.35 • 18 AWG 40.30 mil 1624 6.510 • 16 AWG 50.82 mil 2583 4.090 • 14 AWG 64.08 mil 4107 2.575 15Amp 120Volt • 12 AWG 80.81 mil 6530 1.619 20Amp 240Volt • 10 AWG 101.9 mil 10,380 1.018 30Amp 120/240Volt • 8 AWG 128.5 mil 16,510 0.6405 40Amp 120/240Volt • 6 AWG 162.0 mil 26,250 0.4028 • 4 AWG 204.3 mil 41,740 0.2533 • 2 AWG 257.6 mil 66,370 0.1593 Diameter is measured in mils. 1 mil is equal to 1/1000th of an inch. A circular mil is equal to 1mil2.

  20. Conductors Wire sizes are measured by a standard known as AWG (American Wire Gage). • Examples of wire sizes are: size diameter cmil Ohms/1000 feet Typ. Current limit • 22 AWG 25.35 mil 642.4 16.46 0.5-1.0 Amp • 20 AWG 31.96 mil 1022 10.35 • 18 AWG 40.30 mil 1624 6.510 • 16 AWG 50.82 mil 2583 4.090 • 14 AWG 64.08 mil 4107 2.575 15Amp 120Volt • 12 AWG 80.81 mil 6530 1.619 20Amp 240Volt • 10 AWG 101.9 mil 10,380 1.018 30Amp 120/240Volt • 8 AWG 128.5 mil 16,510 0.6405 40Amp 120/240Volt • 6 AWG 162.0 mil 26,250 0.4028 • 4 AWG 204.3 mil 41,740 0.2533 • 2 AWG 257.6 mil 66,370 0.1593 Diameter is measured in mils. 1 mil is equal to 1/1000th of an inch. A circular mil is equal to 1mil2. Typical resistance for annealed copper wire.

  21. Conductors Wire sizes are measured by a standard known as AWG (American Wire Gage). • Examples of wire sizes are: size diameter cmil Ohms/1000 feet Typ. Current limit • 22 AWG 25.35 mil 642.4 16.46 0.5-1.0 Amp • 20 AWG 31.96 mil 1022 10.35 • 18 AWG 40.30 mil 1624 6.510 • 16 AWG 50.82 mil 2583 4.090 • 14 AWG 64.08 mil 4107 2.575 15Amp 120Volt • 12 AWG 80.81 mil 6530 1.619 20Amp 240Volt • 10 AWG 101.9 mil 10,380 1.018 30Amp 120/240Volt • 8 AWG 128.5 mil 16,510 0.6405 40Amp 120/240Volt • 6 AWG 162.0 mil 26,250 0.4028 • 4 AWG 204.3 mil 41,740 0.2533 • 2 AWG 257.6 mil 66,370 0.1593 Diameter is measured in mils. 1 mil is equal to 1/1000th of an inch. A circular mil is equal to 1mil2. Typical resistance for annealed copper wire. Some typical current limits for various gages of wire.

  22. Conductors The largerthe diameter of wire, themore currentcan be allowed to flow safely. Thesmallerthe diameter,less currentcan flow safely. Less current More current AWG wire sizes

  23. Conductors Thelargerthe diameter of wire, theless resistancein the conductor. Thesmallerthe diameter, themore resistancein the conductor. more resistance less resistance AWG wire sizes

  24. Insulators An insulator is a material that has few, if any, free electrons and resists the flow of electrons.

  25. Insulators Generally, insulators have full valence shells of five to eight electrons. The electrons are held tightly, the shell is fairly full and very high voltage is needed to cause any electron flow.

  26. Insulators Some common insulators are air, glass, rubber, plastic, paper and porcelain.

  27. Insulators Insulators are used in electric circuits to keep electrons flowing along the intended path of the circuit.

  28. Insulators No material has been found to be a perfect insulator. Every material can be forced to permit a small flow of electrons from atom to atom if enough energy in the form of voltage is applied.

  29. Insulators Whenever a material that is classified as an insulator is forced to pass an electric current, the insulator is said to have been broken down or ruptured.

  30. Semiconductors A semiconductor is a material that has some characteristics of both conductors and insulators.

  31. Semiconductors Semiconductors have a valence shell which contains 4 electrons.

  32. Semiconductors A pure semiconductor may act as either a conductor or an insulator depending on the temperature at which operated.

  33. Semiconductors Operated at low temperatures, it is a fairly good insulator.

  34. Semiconductors Operated at high temperatures, it is a fairly good conductor.

  35. Semiconductors Common examples of semiconductor materials is silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge).

  36. Semiconductors Specially treated semiconductors are used to produce modern electronic components such as diodes, transistors and integrated circuits.

  37. Semiconductors These semiconductors are the brains of high tech machines, driving everything from pocket calculators to cell phones.

  38. Summary • Conductors • Allow electrons to move freely • Less than 4 electrons in valence shell • Examples Copper, Silver, Gold and Iron

  39. Summary • Insulators • Electrons flow is restricted • Usually a valence shell with many electrons held tightly. • Examples Glass, Rubber, Plastic, paper and porcelain

  40. Summary • Semiconductors • Electrons flow depends on the temperature of the material • Low temperature makes semiconductor an insulator. • High Temperature makes semiconductor a conductor. • Has 4 valence electrons in the outer shell. • Examples of semiconductor material is silicon and germanium

  41. End of Lesson

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