Noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

1. Noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

2. Nouns can usually be made into plurals or possessive. • For example: boy                  boysBob                 Bob’scomputer        computers

3. Nouns are the only type of words that sound correct with the word the in front of it. • The cat The glassThe bookThe watchThe camera

4. Types of Nouns

7. Pronounis a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun. 

8. Examples: • John  lost  his baseball  bat.   Antecedent  . . . . .    pronoun • The  student  forgot  to  do  her homework.Antecedentpronoun

9. Personal Pronouns

10. Types of Pronouns:

12. Verb is a word that names an action, process, or state.

13. Verbs change tense: walk yesterday I walked, right now I walk, and tomorrow I will walk. go yesterday I went, right now I go, and tomorrow I will go. think yesterday I thought, right now I think, and tomorrow I will think.

14. Action verb: expresses a physical (e.g., walk) or mental (e.g., think) action. Linking verb: links the subject to its complement. **The most common linking verb is is.

15. Examples of Identifying Verbs The cat meowed at the dog. Mark thought he was going to lose his mind. Please come out and see our show.

16. Adjective is a word that modifies nouns or pronouns. Adjectives answer the following questions about nouns: Which one? What kind? How many?

17. Hints: 1. An adjective is a modifier. Only modifiers can take the word Very in front of it. Example: very blue very vibrant verygood

18. If you have a word and you want to test to see if it is an adjective, ask the question: _______________ what? For instance: The mouse ran through the small hole. Small what? Answer is hole. Hole is a noun. Words that modify nouns are adjectives. Small is an adjective.

19. The first artist I learned about in school was M.C. Escher. _______________ what? First what? First artist. Artist is a noun. Words that modify nouns are adjectives. First is an adjective.

20. The painting was filled with smeared and splattered paint. Smeared what? Smeared paint. Paint is a noun. Therefore, smeared functions as an adjective in this sentence.

21. Adverb is a word that modifies (changes) verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

22. Adverbs answer the following questions about the verb, adjective, or adverb: Where? When? How? How Much?

23. Hints: 1. Many adverbs end with the suffix –ly Note: there are exceptions. There are words (e.g., bully, friendly) that end with –ly that are not adverbs. If you are confused, take the –ly off the word and make sure it is an adjective. For instance, if I take –ly off bully, I get bull. That is not an adjective, and therefore, bully is not an adverb.

24. Adverbs can often change location in the sentence. Example: There are people who are drawn irresistibly to storms. There are people who are irresistibly drawn to storms.

25. HINT: An adverb can take the word Very in front of it. Example: very carefully very slowly veryseriously

26. Examples of Identifying Adverbs We shall leave soon. I can say very soon. So I know that soon is an adjective or an adverb because I can put the word very in front of it. I ask my question: soon what? Soon leave. Leave is a verb. Words that modify verbs are adverbs. I can move the word to a different part of the sentence: Soon we shall leave. We shall soon leave. Soon is absolutely an adverb. He worked rapidly. First, the word ends with –ly, so I am going to assume it is an adverb. I can change it around the sentence: Rapidly he worked. Rapidly what? Rapidly is telling me something about worked, which is a verb. Words that modify verbs are adverbs. I bought a bright red car. We can put very in front of bright: very bright. This makes bright either an adjective or adverb in this sentence. We need to figure out what bright is modifying. Bright seems to be telling us something about the type of red. Red is an adjective. Words that modify adjectives are adverbs. Bright is an adverb in this sentence.

27. Preposition is a word that shows relationship between a nominal (noun or pronoun) and another word in the sentence.

28. Most common prepositions: of, in, on, at, for, with, by. Think of a preposition as the word that is positioned before a noun or pronoun.

29. Hints 1. There are only roughly 50 prepositions, so you can feasibly memorize them. You must memorize the most common of, in, on, at, for, with, by, & to. 2. You can replace a preposition with another preposition and it should still sound correct, even if the meaning is wrong. Example: The squirrel is around the tree. I can replace the word around with on, and I get: The squirrel is on the tree. Although the meaning has changed quite a bit, the sentence still sounds fine to my ears.

30. List of Prepositions aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, alongside, among, around, as, aside, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, for, from, in, inside, into, near, next to, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, than, to, toward, under, up, with, within, without

31. Conjunction is a word that connects words or groups of words.

32. Conjunctions join together words or groups of words. Think of them as glue words.

33. Use the acronym FANBOYS to remember all the coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

34. Coordinating conjunctionsare capable of joining equalelements together.  Coordinating conjunctions can bring together complete sentences or parts within a sentence. Examples: Suzy likes cookies and ice cream.   And joins together the equal words cookies and ice cream. Mike needed some milk, but he was too lazy to go to the store.  But joins together the equal complete sentences on both sides of but.

35. Subordinating Conjunctions: Examples:Mary was angry when she found out she failed.        The clause that is underlined starts with the subordinating conjunction when. Danny forget to do the dishes even though his mother told him a hundred times.              

36. Correlative Conjunctionis a two-part conjunction that expresses a relationship between the coordinating structures: either—or, neither—nor, both—and, not only—but also.

37. Most Common Conjunctive Adverbs: however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, instead

38. Interjectionis a word or phrase that expresses a feeling.  Interjections are not connected grammatically to the rest of the sentence.    

39. Examples: Ouch!  That hurts. Man, I can’t take this teacher anymore. Jesus!  If she keeps that up, I am going to rip my hair out.