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Short-term Retrieval

Short-term Retrieval. Terminology. What ever is being perceived is the probe . If it has been seen (or heard) earlier within criterion time and context it is a target . Otherwise, it is a distracter. Short-term Recognition. Short-term recognition is based on two kinds of information:

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Short-term Retrieval

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  1. Short-term Retrieval

  2. Terminology • What ever is being perceived is the probe. • If it has been seen (or heard) earlier within criterion time and context it is a target. • Otherwise, it is a distracter.

  3. Short-term Recognition • Short-term recognition is based on two kinds of information: • Perceptual Information (Working Memory) • Feeling of recency or novelty • Semantic Information (Long-term Memory) • Representation of probe matches representation of target

  4. Recognition in Working Memory • Egeth (1966) and Bamber (1971) • presented multi-feature study item • Colored shape, 4-letter string • immediately followed by probe • observer responded same or different

  5. Same-different task DFGH DFRH

  6. Same-different Results • Same judgments were faster than different judgments.

  7. Same versus Different RT • RT for same judgments is as fast as different judgments for completely different target-probe pairs. • Why?

  8. Explanation of why Same Judgments are often faster than Different judgments • Recency is used to infer that probe is the target (Know judgment). • Produces fast Same RT • Distracters are only rejected after comparison with target’s representation (Remember judgment). • Produces slower Different RT as function of number of differences.

  9. Memory Scanning (Part-whole) Recognition • Memory set of from 1 to 6 items is presented. • Single probe (target or distracter) is presented. • Memory set is recalled.

  10. Low PI condition • Different kinds of study sets: early alphabet, late alphabet, digit, presented on each three successive trials

  11. Results of Low PI condition

  12. High PI condition • Successive trials contain the same kind of memory set: early alphabet, late alphabet, or digit.

  13. Results of High PI condition

  14. Low versus High PI Recognition • An increase in study set size has more effect on recognition in the high PI condition. • Recognition RT is a linear function of set size only in the high PI condition. • Why?

  15. Atkinson-Juola Model • Working Memory representations include temporal order information. • Stage 1: Check if probe is very familiar, i. e. recent or unfamiliar ,i. e., novel (know). • If a probe is judged to recent then it is accepted as a target. • If a probe is judged to be novel then it is judged to be a distracter. • Stage 2: Input is neither recent nor novel (remember): • If a probe has intermediate familiarity then study set must be generated probe must be compared with the study set. • Since recognition time contains study-set generation time and the study set is generated one item at a time, recognition time is a linear function of study set size.

  16. Explanation of Effect of PI on Recognition Time • In low-PI condition recency is used as a cue for the target and the study set is not generated (know). • In high-PI condition recency is not a cue for the target and so the study set must be generated (remember).

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