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The Mora or the Segment?/ Investigating the Basic Unit of Spoken Language Processing Through SOT Data in Japanese. Keiko Kuriyama (Randolph College) Jeri J. Jaeger (SUNY/Buffalo). Spoken Language Processing. Speech production Speech perception Metalinguistic manipulations (Cutler 2002: 275).
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The Mora or the Segment?/ Investigating the Basic Unit of Spoken Language Processing Through SOT Data in Japanese Keiko Kuriyama (Randolph College) Jeri J. Jaeger (SUNY/Buffalo)
Spoken Language Processing Speech production Speech perception Metalinguistic manipulations (Cutler 2002: 275)
Speech perception, metalinguistic experiments evidence for the mora Previous Studies Speech production experiments less clear
Current Study Methodology: tongue twister experiment Material: 8 well known traditional TTs (Experiment 1) & 10 short TTs (Experiment 2) Subjects: 17 Japanese adult speakers Number of SOTs: 115 (Experiment 1) 104 (Experiment 2)
Phonological Units Involved in Japanese SOTs 1) Phonetic features 2) Segments (consonants or vowels) 3) CV moras (a mora (body)) 4) Non-syllabic moras 5) Syllabic vs. non-syllabic moras4 6) Mora/syllables 7) Rhymes 8) Syllables 9) Pitch-accents
Experiment 1-Example of an Unambiguous Error TT#1 ka.e-ru pyo-ko pyo-ko mi pyo-ko pyo-ko a-wa-se-te pyo-ko pyo-ko mu pyo-ko pyo-ko (frog, onomatopoeia for frog’s jumping, three, jumping, all, jumping, six, jumping) Error#1 ka.e-ru pyo-ko pyo-ko mi po-ko po-ko..mi pyo-ko pyo- ko a-wa-se-te pyo-ko pyo-ko mu pyo-ko pyo-ko ka.e-ru….(AF#3)
Experiment 1-Example of an Unambiguous Error TT#2 na-ma-mu-gi na-ma-go-me na-ma-ta-ma-go (raw wheat, raw rice, raw eggs) Error#2 na-ma-mu-gi na-ma-go-me na-ma-ta-ma-go, na-ma mu-gi na-mi….na-ma-go-me na-ma-ta-ma-go..(AM#7)
Experiment 1-Exampleof Ambiguous Errors Error#3 a-ka-ma ki-ga-mi a.o-ma-ki-ga-mi ki-ma-ki-ga-mi, a a-ka-ma-ki-ma..a-ka-ma-ki-ga-mi a.o-ma-ki-ga-mi b ki-ma-ki-ga-mi, a.o…a-ka-ma-ki-ga-mi a.o-ma-ki-ga- mi…(AF#2) TT#3 A-ka-ma-ga-mi a.o-ma-ki ga-mi ki-ma-ki-ga-mi (red rolled paper, blue rolled paper, yellow rolled paper)
Experiment 1-Example of Ambiguous Errors TT#4 Pa.n ka-be (bread, wall) Error#4 a b c ka.n-pa-ge, ka.n-pa-be, pa.n-ka-be, pa.n-ka-be, pa.n-ka-be (AF#2)
The Majority Rules Method Error #4 a b c ka.n pa-ge, ka.n pa-be, pa.n ka-be, pa.n ka-be, pa.n ka-be (AF#2) asegmental analysis, mora analysis bsegmental analysis, mora analysis csegmental analysis
Result of the ‘Majority Rules’ Method Errors No. of instances (%) Segmental Analysis 95 (86.36%) Mora analysis 71 (64.45%) Syllable analysis 70 (63.63%) ______________________________________ 110 (100%)
The ‘General Principles’ Method 1) The Minimal Movement Principle (Laubstein 1987); if an error can be analyzed as a segment error it should be, because errors involving segments are the most common type of unambiguous phonological error. 2) The Repeated Phoneme Effect (Dell 1984); the repeated phoneme effect is the claim that repeated sounds in a speech plan are more likely to cause SOTs in adjacent segments than when there is no identical segment adjacent to the target and source.
Ambiguous Errors the ‘General Principles’ Method Error#4 a b c d e ka.n-pa-ge, ka.n-pa-be, pa.n-ka-be, pa.n-ka-be, pa.n-ka-be (AF#2)
TTs Used in Experiment 2 １ ぱん こぶ pa.n ko-bu (bread, bump) ２ ぶん がま ばった bu.n ga-ma ba.t-ta (onomatopoeia: bee, frog, grasshopper) ３ かえる ムー ぴょこぴょこ ka.e-ru mu.u pyo-ko pyo-ko (frog, onomatopoeia: cow cound, onomatopoeia: jumping frog) ４ かき くう きゃっきゃ ka-ki ku.u kya.k-kya (persimmon, to eat, onomatopoeia: monkey sound) ５ ねこ みゃー にゃんこ ne-ko mya.a nya.n-ko (cat, onomatopoeia: cat sound, kitten)
TT#5 ぶん がま ばった bu.n ga-ma ba.t-ta (onomatopoeia: bee, frog, grasshopper) CV. X CV Error Example) bu.n bu-ma ba.t-ta
Conclusions and future study -segmental errors > mora + mora/syllable errors -universal underlying cognitive mechanism for speech production planning -a need for cross-linguistic study (Bilingual and L2 speakers of Japanese)
