Chapter 30

1. Chapter 30

2. Suburbs flourish- urban decay • Liberal tradition • Tame capitalism • Reform American society • Govt. play active role in economy • Intelligence of experts • Infectious and energizing • Election of 1960- JFK, youngest ever -Catholic

3. New frontiers • Cold war during JFK presidency • Alliance for progress- foreign aid- too discourage Castro style revolutions • Peace Corps- technical educational and public health services • Jungle warfare taught • Space program- Apollo 11 touchdown on moon

4. Bay of Pigs- push out communist regime, headed by CIA- relied on Cuban rebels • Still worked on covert operations • South Vietnam-Vietcong were growing stronger and waged war against Diem (catholic) • Green Berets step in to try to help Diem • Why try to help- domino theory • Diem falls- taken by coup plotters

5. Soviet Union • Khushchev • Push for reunified Germany • German people fleeing east berlin –Berlin Wall • Kennedy seen as weak to bully • Dulles doctrine- any trigger-massive retaliation • Flexible response doctrine-(McNamara and Kennedy) • Limit level of first nuclear strike- room to negotiate • Increase missile sites around US • Cuban Missile Crisis- October 1962 • Any attempt o place weapons in Cuba was an unacceptable threat. • U-2 flight confirmed that offensive missile sites were being constructed in Cuba • Fear of another Nuclear war • Imposed naval blockade to intercept military equipment sent to Cuba • SU agreed to remove missiles if US did not invade Cuba –Oct.26th • Nuclear test ban treaty- negotiated with SU prohibit all above ground tests, concern over radioactive fallout, hotline to use in crisis time • Kennedy public opinion improves stands up to SU

6. New Frontier • Democratic congress dominated by conservatives • No headway in key issues • Education • Health insurance • Manage economy?-increase govt. spending but go into deficit, fear of tax proposals • Ease antitrust restrictions and tax credits and breaks for corporations- govt should regulate wages and prices- fear of inflation • Ties wage increases with productivity • Steel- broke bargain and steel prices increasing – sent in investigations= dropped the prices but =bad relationship

7. Reforms of the warren court • Chief Justice Earl Warren- liberal reform in civil liberties and rights • Gideon v. Wainwright- all titled to legal counsel • 14th amendment includes due process of law • Miranda v. Arizona- much inform of charges against them, right to silenced and right to have attorney for questioning. • To benefit poor. • Engel v. Vitale- separation of church and state (prayer in school) • Griswold v. Connecticut- narrow definition of obscenity and censorship • Baker v. Carr- one person, one vote

8. Civil Rights • Greensboro, NC- sit-ins • Montgomery bus boycott- unwilling to accept 2nd class citizenship • Groups and citizens led Civil rights • SCLC- MLK jr nonviolent protests • CORE- force confrontation with segregation • SNCC- young black activists- impatient • Freedom riders- CORE • Bus in heart of south to bring attention to inequality- attn to violence • Kennedy want to avoid Federal govt. involvement but eventually forced to –states didn’t comply with police force- needs votes

9. SNCC- voter registration • Attacked, harassed, jailing, beatings, bombings and murders • James Meredith-blocked from Univ. of Miss • Federal Marshalls to escort JFK had to send in fed troops • “Letter from Birmingham Jail” • Civil disobedience, push for nonviolence • Riots erupt around US • Civil Rights Bill- JFK • March on Washington- I have a dream speech • Fear loosing southern whites and ethnic northerners • JFK shot Nov. 22, 1963

10. LBJ • pass JFK Civil rights bill-Civil rights act of 1964 • barred discrimination in public accommodations (bus stations, bathrooms, lunch counters etc.) • Desegregation schools, museums, and public facilities • Outlawed discrimination in employment by race, color, religion, sex or national origin • Protection in voting rights • Freedom Summer-voting drive in Miss. • Walk from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama • Voting Rights Act 1965 • Suspended literacy tests • authorized federal officials to supervise elections

11. Black Power • De facto segregation- public beliefs and actions • De jure segregation- by law • Black Muslim religions group- separation from white society • Malcolm X • Militant, emphasized community action, • Would not accept being “given” rights by whites • SNCC starts to follow Malcolm X- Black power • Recover roots, culture and heritage • Black Panthers • More militant • confrontational

12. Great Society • LBJ- Johnson Treatment- combative, threats emotional- caring of underdogs • Support for civil rights, aid to poor, education and welfare • Harrington's book “The Other America”- brought attention to poverty • Fight Kennedy's war on poverty • Economic Opportunity Act 11964-training programs (job corps) loans to rural families and businesses, aid to migrant workers, VISTA (like peace corps)

13. Election of 1964 Battles for power and bureaucratic turf undermined federal projects Campaigned on Great Society- poverty and racial injustice no longer existed LBJ was a moderate compared to Goldwater-Humphrey gave balance

14. Great Society • Education • Educational equipment for low income schools • Headstart program • Medicare- health insurance for elderly • Medicaid-grants to apply for medical expenses too poor for medical expenses • Nothing restricted hospitals from increasing cost • HUD- Housing and Urban Development- • Omnibus housing act- subsidize rent for poor • National foundation for the arts and Humanities- money for equipment

15. Immigration Act of 1965- abolished national origins system, provisions restricting Asians eliminated, new limits from Western hemisphere • Wilderness preservation act- land preservation • Pollution standards • Raise minimum wage, improve auto safety, transit • Ban discrimination in housing • Truth-in-lending- unfair credit practices

16. More legislation and reforms than New Deal Too fast? Favoritism High intervention government