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From Second Order Cybernetics to Second Order Science

From Second Order Cybernetics to Second Order Science. Keynote Address Annual Conference of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) Washington, October 25, 2005 Karl H. Müller (WISDOM) mueller@wisdom.at. The World as We Knew It …. in 1965. London, July 11 to July 17, 1967:

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From Second Order Cybernetics to Second Order Science

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  1. From Second Order Cybernetics to Second Order Science Keynote Address Annual Conference of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) Washington, October 25, 2005 Karl H. Müller (WISDOM) mueller@wisdom.at

  2. The World as We Knew It …. in 1965 • London, July 11 to July 17, 1967: • International Colloquium on Philosophy of Science at Bedford College, Regent’s Park • Three Volumes with Imre Lakatos as Editor: • Problems in the Philosophy of Mathematics (1967) • The Problem of Inductive Logic (1968) • Problems in the Philosophy of Science (1968) • Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave as Editors: • Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970)

  3. Knowledge Organization in the World as We Knew It Meta- Philosophy of Science: Level Meta-Language, Meta-Criteria, Normative Object- Scientific Disciplines; Level Science of Science; Transdisciplinary Programs Robust Knowledge as a Circular Feedback Loop between Scientific Hypothesis and Theories at the Object Level and Philosophy of Science Assessments at the Meta-Level

  4. Transdisciplinary Programs (1948 – 1965) The Miracle Year 1948 General Systems Theory Information Theory Cybernetics Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence Bionics

  5. Second Order Cybernetics (SOC) SOC Emerged Gradually during the Early Seventies 1972 Heinz von Foerster, “Notes on an Epistemology for Living Things” (second order relators, third order relator ….) 1974 Heinz von Foerster et al.(eds.)(1974), Cybernetics of Cybernetics 1979 Heinz von Foerster “Cybernetics of Cybernetics” 1981pp. Cybernetics of Cybernetics Understanding Understanding Second Order Cybernetics Cybernetic Reflections ….

  6. Second Order Cybernetics (SOC) • Expressed More as a Vision than as a Framework for Research • Directed against Objectivity and • Context-free Methodologies Centered around • Observer • Self-Referentiality

  7. From the World as We Knew It ….. ….. to the World as We Know It Decline of Philosophy of Science Decline of First Order Cybernetics Decline of Second Order Cybernetics

  8. Risk-Society (Ulrich Beck) Modernity I → Modernity II Logic of Wealth-Production → Logic of Risk-Production Classes, Strata → Individualization Traditional Science → Self-Reflexive Science Self-organization of the Scientific System towards Self-Reflexivity

  9. Second order Science (SOS) Topical Closure Meta-Analysis Second order Science (SOS) Observer Self-Referentiality

  10. Basic Configuration across All Four Domains First Order Second Order FOS SOS Robust Knowledge as a Circular Feedback Loop within the Second Order Science Domain

  11. Topical Closure FOS-Concepts, Scientific Fields SOS Examples: Goals of Goals, Purposes of Purposes …. Evolution of Evolution Cybernetics of Cybernetics (Second Order Cybernetics) First Order Cybernetics: The Cybernetics of Observed Systems Second Order Cybernetics: The Cybernetics of Observing Systems Sociology of Sociology …..

  12. Meta-Analysis since the 1980ies Frequency of the Concept „Meta-Analysis“ in Psychological Abstracts Year Number of Counts 1967 – 1976 0 1977 2 1978 4 1979 6 1980 9 1981 18 1982 32 1983 55 1984 63

  13. Meta-Analysis First Order Second Order Tests, Test Results Tests of Tests, ´Test Results of Test Results

  14. Self-Referentiality First Order Second Order Functions, Operations, Models, Attributes, Relations Attributes of Attributes, Relations of Relations Functions of Functions, Operations of Operations, Models of Models Example for Attributes of Attributes as Robust Search Strategy Robert Axelrod (1984), The Evolution of Cooperation Second Order Search for Attributes of First Order Attributes

  15. On Observers First Order Second Order Theory of the Brain Theory of the Brain First Order Second Order Theory of Living Organisms Theory of Living Organisms

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