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Introduction

Introduction. Persons engaged in surveying are often called to determine volumes of various types of material. The most common unit of volume is cubic having edges of unit length. Cubic feet, cubic yard or cubic meter. Method of Volume Measurement. Three principal systems are used :

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction • Persons engaged in surveying are often called to determine volumes of various types of material. • The most common unit of volume is cubic having edges of unit length. Cubic feet, cubic yard or cubic meter.

  2. Method of Volume Measurement Three principal systems are used : 1- The cross section method 2- The unit area method 3- The contour - area method

  3. Method of Volume Measurement • Cross Section Method • The cross section method is employed almost exclusively for computing volumes on linear construction projects such as highways, railroads, and canals. • Cut slopes of 1:1 ( 1 horizontal to 1 vertical ) and fill slope of 1-1/2:1 satisfactory for ordinary loam soil.

  4. Method of Volume Measurement

  5. Method of Volume Measurement • End –areas • excavation (cut) and embankment (fill). • Volumes will be determine by: Average area method & Prismoidal Formula • Fill from STA. 10+00 to 11+21 • Transition from fill to cut will be STA. 11+21 to STA. 11+64. • Cut from 11+64 to 13+00

  6. Types Of Cross Sections

  7. Types Of Cross Sections

  8. Types Of Cross Sections • In flat terrain the level section (a) is suitable . The three level section (b) is generally used where ordinary ground level is prevail. Rough topography may require a five level section ( c ). • More practically an irregular section (d). A transition section (e), and slide hill section (f) occur when passing from cut to fill and on slide –hill locations.

  9. Method of Volume Measurement • It is necessary to make separate computations for cut and fill end areas when they occur in the same section., since they must always be tabulated independently for pay purposes. Payment is normally made only for excavation except on projects consisting primarily of embankment such as levees, earth dams, some military fortifications, and highways built up by continuous fill in flat areas

  10. Types Of Cross Sections • Cut roadway wider than Fill roadway? bc>bf To provide space for drainage ditches . • Slope sides in fill usually flatter than in fill? Because in cut the soil remain in its natural state. • Its necessary to make separate volume computations for cut & fill ? separately computation for pay purpose since normally payment made for excavation only except some cases which need primirly fill such as earth dams

  11. Types Of Cross Sections • The width of base b , the finished roadway is fixed by project requirements and it is usually wider in cuts than on fills to provide for drainage ditches. • Slide slops in fill are flatter than those in cuts where soil remains in its natural state.

  12. Method of Volume Measurement • Average End Area Formula A1 and A2are end areas at two stations separated by a horizontal distance L. The volume between tow stations then equal to : Ve= (1)

  13. Method of Volume Measurement EX. Compute the volume of excavation between station 24+00 with an end area of 66 m2 and station 25+00 with an end area of 48 m2 . Solution Ve=

  14. Method of Volume Measurement • Prismoidal Formula The prismoidal formula applies to volumes of all geometric solids that can be considered prismoids.

  15. Method of Volume Measurement (2) Where: VP : is the prismoidal volume in cubic yard A1 and A2: are areas of successive cross sections taken in the field. Am : is the area of computed section midway between A1 and A2 L : is the horizontal distance between A1 and A2

  16. Method of Volume Measurement • The difference between the volumes obtained by the average–end-area formula and the prismoidal formula is called the prismoidal correction Cp . This applicable for three level section. (3) Where : Cp is the volume of the prismoidal correction in cubic meter C1 and C2are center heights in cut or in fill W1 and W2 are widths of sections from slope intercept to slope intercept

  17. Method of Volume Measurement • If the product ( c1 - c2 ) ( w1 – w2 ) is minus , the prismoidal correction (Cp) is added rather than subtracted from the end-area volume. • For sections other than 3 level. Equation (3) may be not accurate enough , therefore equation (2) is recommended.

  18. Volume Measurement • Example 1 compute the volume using the prismoidal formula and by average end areas for the following three level sections of a roadbed having a base of 24 ft and side slopes of 1.5:1

  19. Volume Measurement m2 m2 m2 Applying Premisoidal formula lead to :

  20. Volume Measurement • Applymg end area formula lead to : Applying Prismoidal correction lead to : The prismoidal correction applied to the end area formula yields a volume of 22.54 x 103 m3 (22.56 x 103-17.3)

  21. Volume Measurement The difference between the volume computed by the prismoidal formula (= ) and the average end area (= ) is:

  22. Volume Measurement Usually for expansive rock cut , the prismoidal method can be used. Prismoidal formula gives volume smaller than that volume found by average end-area.

  23. Volume Computations Sources of Error in Determining Volumes Some common errors in determining areas of section and volumes of earthwork are 1- making errors in measuring field cross-sections, e.g. not being perpendicular to the centerline. 2- making errors in measuring end areas. 3- failing to use the prismoidal formula where it is justifies. 4- carrying out areas of cross sections beyond the limit justified by the field data.

  24. Volume Computations Mistakes Some typical mistakes made in earthwork calculations are : 1- Confusing algebraic signs in end area computations using the coordinate method. 2- Using average end-area method for pyramidal or wedge-shaped solids. 4- Mixing cut and fill quantities.

  25. Volume Measurement • Example2 For the data tabulated, calculate the volume of excavation between stations 10+00 and 15+00. (m2)

  26. Volume Measurement • Example 3 Complete the following notes and compute Ve &Vp. The roadbed is level. The base is 30 m. side slope 1:2

  27. Volume Measurement • Example 4 Calculate Ve &Vp for the following notes. Base in fill is 24 m, base in cut is 30 m. side slopes are 1:1/2:1.

  28. Volume Measurement • Example 5 Calculate Ve &Vp for the following notes. Base in cut is 40 m,side slopes are 2:1.

  29. Example 6 A highway is to be constructed to pass through points A and E of the traverse. The proposed highway grade is + 2.3 percent rising from A to E ( elevation at A = 68.95). Compute the volume of below cut and fill sections. Apply for two stations long. A E A E

  30. Volume Measurement State two situations where prismoidal correction are most significant. 1- Three level sections 2- computation of volume

  31. Example 7 1) For the data listed below, tabulate cut and fill volumes in cubic meters between stations 10+00 and 15+00.

  32. Example 8 2) Complete the missing data and compute Ve &Vp. The roadbed is level. The base is 10 m. side slope 2:1

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