From Local to Global Gambling Cultures and the Economics of gambling

1. From Local to Global Gambling Cultures and the Economics of gambling

2. Essence of the Reading • Loss of Meaning? • Less likely to play games instilled with local meanings and practices than were our parents and grandparents. • Contemporary forms of gambling are more commericial, individualistic and urban. However, gambling/gaming today has the potential to divide us. • At one time gambling could be said to be part of a national character.... Is this true today?

3. Loss of meaning (contd). • Standarizing of games – similar worldwide • Some would say despite the drive of technology,(this shift toward casino style / online) gambling remains a cultural phenomena. • Opinons? • Or is all about Profit!

4. Noneconomic Cultural Aspects • Globalization, for example, has shifted horseracing from being a small scale local social activity to transnational industry. • While profit is its motive, their is also a shift to have horseracing become an international contest and meeting place of cultures.... • Japan Cup • Kentucy Derby • Dubia Cup • Melbourne Cup

5. Video Clips • The Culture of Horse Racing

6. The Reverse Argument • Erosion of national sovereignty and culture identity in the sports arena.

7. Conclusion • Or rather than causing the dissolution of local identities through the establishment of a homogenous global gambling culture, to what extent is globalization of gaming leading to the re-articulation or reinvention of national and local communities.

8. Economics of gambling…? The good bad, and the ugly

10. Mature markets in North America, Europe, Australia/N.Z. • Revenues flattening • Increased consolidation & diversification • Increasing social backlash • Asia is the emerging growth market • Macao now the largest gambling market in world with revenues >6 billion • Greater liberalization and tentative introduction of gambling in Singapore, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, India, China • Internet Gambling increasingly prevalent

11. Industry Players • Park Place Entertainment is world's largest casino gaming company with 30 resorts in 5 countries (U.S. Canada, Australia, South Africa, Uruguay). $4.6 billion annual revenue. Canada: Casino Windsor, Casino Nova Scotia (owned by Ont govt., day-to-day operations contracted out to Park Place) • MGM Mirage is the world's #2 gaming company with 19 properties in 4 countries; took over Mandalay in 2004 • Harrah's Entertainment world's #3 gaming company that owns, operates, and/or manages 26 casinos in 12 US state; took over Caesars in 2004 • Increasing consolidation • International Game Technology has 74% of North American market for EGMs. In Jan 2005 it took over the major Canadian gaming machine distributor, Hi-Tech Gaming.

12. IGT

13. UNITED STATES

14. GAMING REVENUE • Gross gambling revenue (GGR) is the amount wagered minus the winnings returned to players. • GGR is the figure used to determine what a casino, racetrack, lottery or other gaming operation earns before taxes, salaries and other expenses are paid — the equivalent of "sales," not "profit." • In 2008, for example, the commercial casino industry had GGR of more than $32 billion*, but paid over $14 billion in wages and benefits and more than $5.6 billion in taxes, plus other expenses.

15. 10-YEAR TRENDS

16. TOP 20 U.S. CASINO MARKETS BY ANNUAL REVENUE

17. CANADA

18. Similar trends to U.S. • Also a trend toward increased diversification and more destination type casinos (e.g., Fallsview in Niagara Falls; casino de Montreal has signed a contract with Cirque de Soleil)

19. Some Recent Canadian Statistics • Net revenue from government-run lotteries, video lottery terminals (VLTs), casinos and slot machines (not in casinos) rose steadily from $2.73 billion in 1992, before levelling off and remaining at over $13 billion since 2005, but then dropping for the first time in 2008, to $13.67 billion from $13.70 in 2007. • Just under half of women and men living alone reported spending money on at least one gambling activity; however, the men spent 50% more than women—$814 compared with $516. • Gambling participation and expenditure rates increased with household income. For example, 34% of households with incomes of less than $20,000 gambled in 2007 and spent an average of $678, while equivalent figures for those with incomes of $80,000 or more were 58% and $798.

20. What’s Happening in Alberta? 2008 • Albertans spent a total $25 billion last year, down from$26.3 billion the previous year (AGLC, 2009). • Of the $25 billion in total gaming revenues collected last fiscal year, about $15.5 billion came from slot machines, $8.9 billion from VLTs and the rest from electronic bingo and lottery ticket sales on such things as Lotto 6/49.

21. Who gets the gambling revenue ? Statistics taken from 2003 fiscal year

22. Money spent on treatment?

23. Is it enough?

24. Where does the money come from? • Top 10% of spenders account for the majority of gaming revenues. Yet very little is known about the socioeconomic characteristics of these individuals. • A portion of these people are wealthy ‘high rollers’. In Las Vegas high-rollers account for 5% of gamblers but generate 40% of total revenue. High rollers account for a smaller portion of revenue in most other jurisdictions. • Problem gamblers account for significant portion of gambling revenues. In Canada, roughly 33% of gambling revenue comes from problem gamblers. Proportion derived from problem gamblers also dependent on the type of gambling: highest for EGMs (~60%) and casino gambling, lowest for lotteries (~20%).

25. SOCIOECONOMIC COSTS/BENEFITS OF GAMBLING

26. Economic Benefits of Gambling • Increase in employment (47,500 persons employed in the Canadian gambling industry; 600,000 in U.S.) (unemployment rates, welfare & unemployment insurance payments decline by about 1/7th (Gerstein et al., 2002)). Wages not high, however, 1/3 compensation comes from tips. • Increased government tax revenues or direct gambling revenue (a voluntary tax that prevents involuntary tax increases). • Significant revenues for charities. • Increased revenue and employment to complementary industries (hotels, tourist facilities) • Increased property values (although this also means increased rental costs) • May repatriate gambling money flowing outside the jurisdiction.

27. Economic Costs of Gambling • Displacement or cannibalization of competing industries • particularly certain gambling industries: horse racing, bingo • some demise of entertainment and amusement industries (bars, restaurants, etc.) • Some demise of general merchandise • Increased infrastructure costs (roads, sewers, police, utilities, etc) due to increased tourism • Economic costs due to increased problem gamblers • Absenteeism and loss of productivity; embezzlement • Costs of police, trials and incarceration • Health and treatment costs

28. 3 Ways to Economic Benefits • Inflow of money or resources from outside the jurisdiction. • Creation of something of value that adds to wealth of the jurisdiction (because of its intrinsic wealth) or increases the value of other things in the jurisdiction. • Increasing the number and frequency of monetary transactions between individuals so that more people can benefit from the existing wealth within a district.

29. Social Benefits of Gambling • Positive social effects due to positive economic effects (e.g., employment, govt revenues) • Gambling as an enjoyable leisure activity; a form of adult play. This is how it has always been seen in Chinese culture. • The pleasure of fantasizing about being rich • The pleasure of being intoxicated (gambling as a high) • The pleasure of escape (gambling as theatre). Perhaps for some it is an effective way of handling stress. • Gambling may provide social support to isolated older adults. • May encourage an entrepreneurial, risk-taking spirit. Provides players with an opportunity to demonstrate strength of character and commitment to valued social codes such as risk-taking, courage and honesty.

30. Gambling & Crime • Legal gambling has a dampening effect on illegal gambling and corruption. • In western Canada illegal gambling still extensive in the four largest cities—Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, and Winnipeg; less so in medium-sized cities and a minor concern in rural areas (Smith & Wynne, 1999) • A small portion of laundering money is laundered in casinos • Mostly sports betting with a bookmaker, unauthorized poker clubs, unlicensed VLTs, and offshore lottery sales (Smith & Wynne, 1999) • (if govt offered competitve odds it would drive out all illegal gambling) • In Ontario, there are illegal gaming venues offering blackjack, poker, roulette; patronized because they offer services not available elsewhere (prostitution; house credit; drugs) • Illegal gambling will always exist if it has a competitive edge (more convenient, better odds, different games, house credit, drugs/prostitution, tax-free winnings)

31. Social Costs of Gambling • Undercuts work ethic? • Corrupting influence on society because it promotes materialism and hedonism? • Creates divisions within society because of different attitudes and religious beliefs about gambling (e.g., intra-tribal divisions in many tribes that established casinos) • Corrupting influence on governments and nonprofit sector. Their dependency on the revenue blinds them to the fact that 1/3 of this money comes from problem gamblers.

32. Gambling Increases Prevalence of Problem Gambling • Roughly 3-4% of population in Canada is a problem gambler, which represents a significant increase from 20 years ago. • depression • suicide • bankruptcy • Crime • Work or school problems • Health problems • Problems with Family or Friends • Problem gamblers impact their families with all of the above, plus: • Spousal abuse or divorce • Child neglect • Modelling of gambling to children • Impact on PG prevalence rates tend to take a few years, then stabilizes, then perhaps decreases. Specific impact on PG prevalence rates also very much influenced by social cohesiveness/vulnerability of society (e.g., soft drugs essentially legal in Netherlands, but rates of cannabis and hard drug use among the lowest in western world).

33. Do the social and economic benefits outweigh the costs or vice versa?

34. The answer depends on the circumstances of the jurisdiction • Depends on whether the gambling patrons are tourists or locals. • If locals, then most of the economic ‘benefits’ represent cannibalization of other industries and no ‘net’ increase in wealth to the jurisdiction. If tourists, this represents a true inflow of new wealth. • If locals, you increase problem gambling prevalence rates in your own populace. If tourists, the ‘problems’ go home with the tourists. • Depends on the type of gambling (i.e., some forms like lotteries create very few problem gamblers, other forms, like VLTs create high proportions of PGs and very few employment benefits). • Depends where where the profits go • Employees local or not • Owners local or not • Profits reinvested locally or on other projects elsewhere • Depends where the supplies are purchased from (gambling equipment, furniture, food, hotel supplies) • Depends where the taxes and revenues go (taxes/revenues going to the jurisdiction or federal/provincial level; tax money reinvested in the region?)

35. Winners • Las Vegas • 90% money from visitors • owners local and reinvest in other local operations • problem gamblers go back home • not a manufacturing or agricultural region so a lot of money spent on supplies from elsewhere • Atlantic City • Similar to Las Vegas • Many U.S. Native casinos • Native casinos also do not pay federal tax, so revenues stay on site • Tourist-restricted or tourist-dominated venues around the world (e.g., France, Vietnam, Macao, etc.) • Large, destination-style casinos on Canadian border (Windsor, Niagara Falls) that draw significant portion of patronage from U.S.

36. Losers • Everywhere else

38. Aboriginal Gambling • In the United States, comprehensive socioeconomic analyses of Aboriginal Gambling has determined that bands that introduce casinos have resultant: • significantly better financial status -> which presumably results in better social & health services • significant increases in employment (7-26%) • significant decreases in poverty (14%) • significant increase in house prices ($6000) • this increase in employment, etc. presumably has positive social benefits for the families of these employed workers • significantly higher bankruptcies (10%) • significant increase in crime, although perhaps not on a per capita basis (as these communities also tend to have significantly increased population (5-12%)) • Several reservations have experienced intra-tribal conflict, often between elders and the young (gambling having a commercial function rather than a ceremonial one; worsening of existing addiction problems). • The economic benefits have been very uneven. Many Indian casinos are not profitable (13% of the casinos accounted for 66% of the revenue). • In several cases the biggest winners are non-Aboriginal investors. • Misappropriation of casino revenue has occurred in several situations. • In Canada, there hasn’t been a similar comprehensive socioeconomic analysis of the costs and benefits. However: • The Saskatchewan First Nation casinos are a major economic success story ($100M in 2004; 70% of jobs occupied by Aboriginals). • Casino Rama generates substantial revenues for Ontario Aboriginal groups. • Sydney Casino in Nova Scotia generates significant revenues for N.S. Aboriginal groups. • Mohawks in Quebec reaping huge revenues from Internet gambling. • Been a few economic failures as well.

39. Conclusions • On the whole, it can be said that most Aboriginal casinos have tended to produced clear economic benefits for the individual tribes operating them that are offset, to some extent, by increased social problems. In weighing this trade-off, it is important to realize that Aboriginals already have the highest rates of problem gambling in North America (in Canada, provincial surveys suggest 10-15%). • In both the U.S. and Canada there are features that clearly differentiate successful casino situations from the unsuccessful ones: having a monopoly, location close to major population centres, and provision of ‘destination style’ casinos. • At a macro or jurisdiction-wide level, net economic or social benefits from casino gambling are often not present. • First, gambling generally doesn’t create wealth, it generally just redistributes it. Economic gains in one community are typically offset by economic losses in another community. Economic gains that the government accrues from gambling are typically offset by economic losses in privately run entertainment enterprises. The only situation where this is not true is where your patronage comes from outside your jurisdiction (e.g., Las Vegas, Atlantic City), in which case new wealth does flow to your jurisdiction (and the problems go home with the tourists). • Secondly, this is not an innocuous redistribution of wealth, as the gambling industry creates problem gamblers (perhaps 3-5% in AB). Problem gamblers have negative social and economic impacts on themselves, their families, their employers, and society. • Thirdly, it is ethically problematic for any jurisdiction to generate revenues from gambling, as roughly 35% of gambling revenue comes from moderate risk or severe problem gamblers. This is particularly true for gaming machines (slots/VLTs) (60%), which comprises the bulk of casino revenue.