Tools for Performance Debugging HPC Applications

1. Tools for Performance Debugging HPC Applications David Skinner deskinner@lbl.gov

2. Tools for Performance Debugging • Practice • Where to find tools • Specifics to NERSC and Hopper • Principles • Topics in performance scalability • Examples of areas where tools can help • Scope & Audience • Budding simulation scientist app dev • Compiler/middleware dev, YMMV

3. One Slide about NERSC • Serving all of DOE Office of Science • domain breadth • range of scales • Lots of users • ~4K active • ~500 logged in • ~300 projects • Science driven • sustained performance • Architecture aware • procurements driven by workload needs

4. Big Picture of Performance and Scalability

5. Performance is more than a single number • Plan where to put effort • Optimization in one area can de-optimize another • Timings come from timers and also from your calendar, time spent coding • Sometimes a slower algorithm is simpler to verify correctness

6. Performance is Relative • To your goals • Time to solution, Tq+Twall … • Your research agenda • Efficient use of allocation • To the • application code • input deck • machine type/state • Suggestion: • Focus on specific use cases • as opposed to making • everything • perform well. • Bottlenecks can shift.

7. Specific Facets of Performance • Serial • Leverage ILP on the processor • Feed the pipelines • Reuse data in cache • Exploit data locality • Parallel • Expose task level concurrency • Minimizing latency effects • Maximizing work vs. communication

8. Performance is Hierarchical instructions & operands lines pages messages blocks, files

9. …on to specifics about HPC tools Mostly at NERSC but fairly general

10. Tools are Hierarchical PAPI Craypat • IPM Tau valgrind PMPI SAR

11. HPC Perf Tool Mechanisms • Sampling • Regularly interrupt the program and record where it is • Build up a statistical profile • Tracing / Instrumenting • Insert hooks into program to record and time events • Use Hardware Event Counters • Special registers count events on processor • E.g. floating point instructions • Many possible events • Only a few (~4 counters)

12. Typical Tool Use Requirements • (Sometimes) Modify your code with macros, API calls, timers • Compile your code • Transform your binary for profiling/tracing with a tool • Run the transformed binary • A data file is produced • Interpret the results with a tool

13. Performance Tools @ NERSC • Vendor Tools: • CrayPat • Community Tools : • TAU (U. Oregon via ACTS) • PAPI (Performance Application Programming Interface) • gprof • IPM: Integrated Performance Monitoring

14. What can HPC tools tell us? • CPU and memory usage • FLOP rate • Memory high water mark • OpenMP • OMP overhead • OMP scalability (finding right # threads) • MPI • % wall time in communication • Detecting load imbalance • Analyzing message sizes

15. Using the right tool Tools can add overhead to code execution What level can you tolerate? Tools can add overhead to scientists What level can you tolerate? Scenarios: Debugging a code that is “slow” Detailed performance debugging Performance monitoring in production

16. Introduction to CrayPat • Suite of tools to provide a wide range of performance-related information • Can be used for both sampling and tracing user codes • with or without hardware or network performance counters • Built on PAPI • Supports Fortran, C, C++, UPC, MPI, Coarray Fortran, OpenMP, Pthreads, SHMEM • Man pages • intro_craypat(1), intro_app2(1), intro_papi(1)

17. Using CrayPat @ Hopper • Access the tools • module load perftools • Build your application; keep .o files • make clean • make • Instrument application • pat_build ... a.out • Result is a new file, a.out+pat • Run instrumented application to get top time consuming routines • aprun ... a.out+pat • Result is a new file XXXXX.xf (or a directory containing .xf files) • Run pat_report on that new file; view results • pat_reportXXXXX.xf > my_profile • vi my_profile • Result is also a new file: XXXXX.ap2

18. Guidelines for Optimization * Suggested by Cray

19. Perf Debug and Production Tools • Integrated Performance Monitoring • MPI profiling, hardware counter metrics, POSIX IO profiling • IPM requires no code modification & no instrumented binary • Only a “module load ipm” before running your program on systems that support dynamic libraries • Else link with the IPM library • IPM uses hooks already in the MPI library to intercept your MPI calls and wrap them with timers and counters

20. IPM: Let’s See 1) Do “module load ipm”, link with $IPM, then run normally 2) Upon completion you get Maybe that’s enough. If so you’re done. Have a nice day  ##IPM2v0.xx################################################## # # command : ./fish -n 10000 # start : Tue Feb 08 11:05:21 2011 host : nid06027 # stop : Tue Feb 08 11:08:19 2011 wallclock : 177.71 # mpi_tasks : 25 on 2 nodes %comm : 1.62 # mem [GB] : 0.24 gflop/sec : 5.06 …

21. IPM : IPM_PROFILE=full # host : s05601/006035314C00_AIX mpi_tasks : 32 on 2 nodes # start : 11/30/04/14:35:34 wallclock : 29.975184 sec # stop : 11/30/04/14:36:00 %comm : 27.72 # gbytes : 6.65863e-01 total gflop/sec : 2.33478e+00 total # [total] <avg> min max # wallclock 953.272 29.7897 29.6092 29.9752 # user 837.25 26.1641 25.71 26.92 # system 60.6 1.89375 1.52 2.59 # mpi 264.267 8.25834 7.73025 8.70985 # %comm 27.7234 25.8873 29.3705 # gflop/sec 2.33478 0.0729619 0.072204 0.0745817 # gbytes 0.665863 0.0208082 0.0195503 0.0237541 # PM_FPU0_CMPL 2.28827e+10 7.15084e+08 7.07373e+08 7.30171e+08 # PM_FPU1_CMPL 1.70657e+10 5.33304e+08 5.28487e+08 5.42882e+08 # PM_FPU_FMA 3.00371e+10 9.3866e+08 9.27762e+08 9.62547e+08 # PM_INST_CMPL 2.78819e+11 8.71309e+09 8.20981e+09 9.21761e+09 # PM_LD_CMPL 1.25478e+11 3.92118e+09 3.74541e+09 4.11658e+09 # PM_ST_CMPL 7.45961e+10 2.33113e+09 2.21164e+09 2.46327e+09 # PM_TLB_MISS 2.45894e+08 7.68418e+06 6.98733e+06 2.05724e+07 # PM_CYC 3.0575e+11 9.55467e+09 9.36585e+09 9.62227e+09 # [time] [calls] <%mpi> <%wall> # MPI_Send 188.386 639616 71.29 19.76 # MPI_Wait 69.5032 639616 26.30 7.29 # MPI_Irecv 6.34936 639616 2.40 0.67 # MPI_Barrier 0.0177442 32 0.01 0.00 # MPI_Reduce 0.00540609 32 0.00 0.00 # MPI_Comm_rank 0.00465156 32 0.00 0.00 # MPI_Comm_size 0.000145341 32 0.00 0.00

22. Advice: Develop (some) portable approaches to performance • There is a tradeoff between vendor-specific and vendor neutral tools • Each have their roles, vendor tools can often dive deeper • Portable approaches allow apples-to-apples comparisons • Events, counters, metrics may be incomparable across vendors • You can find printf most places • Put a few timers in your code? printf? really? Yes really.

23. Examples of HPC tool usage

24. Scaling: definitions • Scaling studies involve changing the degree of parallelism. Will we be change the problem also? • Strong scaling • Fixed problem size • Weak scaling • Problem size grows with additional resources • Speed up = Ts/Tp(n) • Efficiency = Ts/(n*Tp(n)) Be aware there are multiple definitions for these terms

25. Conducting a scaling study Example: How large a 3D (n^3) FFT can I efficiently run on 1024 cpus? Looks good? With a particular goal in mind, we systematically vary concurrency and/or problem size

26. Let’s look a little deeper….

27. The scalability landscape • Algorithm complexity or switching • Communication protocol switching • Inter-job contention • ~bugs in vendor software • Why so bumpy? Whoa!

28. Not always so tricky Main loop in jacobi_omp.f90; ngrid=6144 and maxiter=20

29. Load Imbalance : Pitfall 101 Communication Time: 64 tasks show 200s, 960 tasks show 230s MPI ranks sorted by total communication time

30. Load Balance : cartoon Unbalanced: Universal App Balanced: Time saved by load balance

31. Too much communication

32. Simple Stuff:What’s wrong here?

33. Not so simple: Comm. topology MAESTRO GTC MILC PARATEC IMPACT-T CAM 33

34. Performance in Batch Queue Space

35. A few notes on queue optimization Consider your schedule Charge factor • regular vs. low Scavenger queues Xfer queues • Downshift concurrency Consider the queue constraints Run limit Queue limit Wall limit • Soft (can you checkpoint?) Jobs can submit other jobs

36. Marshalling your own workflow #PBS -lmppwidth=4096 aprun –n 512 ./cmd & aprun –n 512 ./cmd & … aprun –n 512 ./cmd & wait #PBS -lmppwidth=4096 while(work_left) { if(nodes_avail) { aprun –n X next_job & } wait } • Lots of choices in general • Hadoop, CondorG, MySGE • On hopper it’s easy

37. Thanks! Contacts: help@nersc.gov deskinner@lbl.gov