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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity. 5.1. The Roman World Takes Shape. Objectives:. Describe the physical and cultural settings in which Roman civilization arose Outline how the Roman republic was structured and governed

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity

  2. 5.1 The Roman World Takes Shape

  3. Objectives: • Describe the physical and cultural settings in which Roman civilization arose • Outline how the Roman republic was structured and governed • Understand the rights and religious practices that characterized Roman society • Explain how the Roman republic grew and maintained its conquests

  4. Define the term republic: • a form of government in which those entitled to vote choose their government leadersEX: U.S. is a democratic republic

  5. Rome

  6. Italy Central peninsula of 3 great peninsulas in Mediterranean region Why is this important? Control east & west Unity possible here, unlike in Greece Not broken up into small, isolated valleys Plains support growing population Turn inland for trade The PhysicalSetting Rome

  7. People were there as early as 3000 BC Invaders come in 2000 BC from north Mid 800-700s BC Latinscome Ancestors of the Romans Built along Tiber River Form Rome Early Peoples in Italy

  8. 600s BC Romans shared Italian peninsula with other peoples, Etruscans among them Etruscan Kings then invade Control for about 100 years Later absorbed into mix Etruscan culture influences Rome (Latins) Written alphabet Made fine clothing/jewelry Pave roads, construct sewers Triumphs: Parade held for conquering military leader returning home Early People in Italy

  9. At 1st, Rome was just another city-state in Italy What made that change? Location, Location, Location!!!!! Lies 15 miles inland (protection) Great trading route – center of route A Strategic Location Rome

  10. 509 BC Roman aristocracy overthrew last Etruscan monarch and established a republic “Start” of the Roman republic, lasts for 500 years…. Republic: Form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state In Rome, only adult males were entitled to vote/participate in gov’t The Romans Establish a Republic

  11. Roman society divided between 2 social classes Patricians: Powerful aristocratic class Control government Plebeians: All other citizens Farmers, merchants, artisans The Romans Establish a Republic

  12. Patricians: Maintained power through patronage system (give jobs, support to friends, families in exchange for political support) Plebeians: Suffered discrimination for many years Gradually increase power by leading strikes Win rights throughout the years The Romans Establish a Republic

  13. The Senate Most important & powerful members 300 members Controlled public funds, determined foreign policy, sometimes acted as court Nominate 2 consuls Leaders Serve only one term Approve each other’s decisions System of checks (like we have today) Senate could propose that a citizen be name dictator in times of emergency Could rule for only 6 months The Romans Establish a Republic

  14. “Senatus Populusque Romanus” Senate and the Roman People

  15. Popular Assemblies Several existed Citizens in this would vote on laws and elect officials Each elected 10 officials, or tribunes – voted on by plebeians They could refuse to approve Senate bills and the actions of public officials if they believed acts went against public good (veto bills) The Romans Establish a Republic

  16. Magistrates These were the public officials who governed (ruled) in the name of Rome 2 consuls elected for 1 year terms Served as chief executive Governed with advice of Senate Example of what: Checks & Balances The Romans Establish a Republic

  17. The Army Every adult male who possessed a minimum amount of property had to server in army Discipline was strict Most important unit was the legion: Consisting of 4500 to 6000 men called legionairres Eventually, allowed non-citizens to fight – called auxilia The Roman Republic Grows

  18. Wise Policies: Share citizenship and political power with the people they conquered. WHY? To ensure loyalty Granted full citizenship to inhabitants of nearby Italian cities and partial citizenship to the inhabitants of more distant cities (could not vote, though) Built and maintained a large network of roads to keep troops positioned throughout empire Extending the Republic

  19. Family Most important unit in Roman society Father (paterfamilias) had absolute authority Women enjoyed higher status than Greek women Own property, ran businesses Gained more freedom and influence over time Religion Early Romans believed that spirits inhabited everything When Romans conquered Greeks, eventually identified their gods with those of Olympus The Family & Religion

  20. 5.2 From Republic to Empire

  21. Objectives: • Understand how the Roman republic grew through a series of conquests • Identify the events leading up to the decline of the Roman republic • Describe the nature of the new age that dawned with the Roman empire

  22. Carthage: City on coast of N. Africa Large/Powerful Great commercial power Rome/Carthage: Both aggressive & expansionistic Rome vs. Carthage

  23. Rome & Carthage Romans occupy S. Italy Carthage fears Romans would try to take Sicily Romans fear that Carthaginian Navy would dominate Mediterranean and prevent expansion of Roman influence overseas Fears spark a series of wars 3 wars b/t 264 and 146 BC Well matched Rome = Army; lands better Carthage = Navy; more wealth Rome vs. Carthage

  24. 264 – 241 BC Naval Rome had no navy at first, but stole one from Carthage and used it as model Used land tactics at sea? How? Rome prevails; Carthage asks for peace Carthage forced to pay large indemnity: Money for damages it had caused Carthage also forced to give up control of Sicily 1st Punic War

  25. 218 – 202 BC Hannibal assembles army in Spain Infantry, cavalry, war elephants March across Alps Suffer enormous losses However, Hannibal wins several victories, and Romans retreat to fortified cities Rome desperate, so they turn tide by invading Africa and threatening Carthage Hannibal ordered home to protect Hannibal meets match in Roman general Scipio Battle of Zama, near Carthage: Scipio defeats Hannibal Carthage asks for peace and pays huge indemnity Also gives up navy and Spanish colonies 2nd Punic War

  26. 149 – 146 BC Fought “just because” Many Romans just didn’t like Carthage and wanted it destroyed Romans raze Carthage and enslave surviving population Sow fields around Carthage with salt as gesture of hatred 3rd Punic War

  27. Punic Wars

  28. During 2nd Punic War: Macedonia allied with Carthage As revenge, Rome started war against Macedonia Defeated them in 197 BC Rome extends power over Greek cities Implements policy of “imperialism” Establishing control over foreign lands and peoples Conquest of Hellenistic East

  29. Government Larger territory, so changes need to be made Provinces, or recently organized territories, were ruled loosely People of provinces not granted citizenship Were just made subjects Each province governed by proconsul, backed by Roman Army Also, under republic, much corruption/bribery Changes in Agriculture By gaining more territories away from Rome, lessens role of small citizen farmer Some Romans acquired large estates called latifundia Only wealthy could afford and slaves did all work Problems of Roman Expansion

  30. Growth of Commerce & Social Change After Punic Wars, trade increases Business and landowning peoples form another class called equites Had great wealth and therefore increase political influence Decline of independent farmers and growth of jobless masses in cities: Weakens ideals of discipline and devotion to state Also, now victorious generals now enslave their enemies Some led good lives, others didn’t and revolted 73 BC 70,000 slaves took part in a revolt led by Spartacus Problems of Roman Expansion

  31. Days of republic are nearing an end, despite attempts to reform 2 Brothers: Tiberius & Gaius Tiberius: Elected tribune in 133 BC Took private land away from upper class and let lower work it Popular with masses, but was clubbed to death by senators and others Gaius: Elected tribune in 123 BC and again in 122 BC Used public funds to purchase grain for poor Improve political status of equites Outraged senators, so they killed him, too. At this point, violence becomes a primary tool in Roman politics The Gracchi

  32. Rome’s & itsrelationship with Italian allies (other cities in Italy) Enters crisis mode Many had been trying to obtain Roman citizenship for decades so they could run for office Senate refuses WHY? 90 BC Italian allies rebel against Roman control Extremely bloody fighting, but Rome wins Senate does, however, agree to grant them citizenship after all The Social War

  33. Gaius Marius Consul in 107 BC Attempts reform through army Signs up any citizen, regardless of land Served for pay and booty – what they could take from enemy, they could keep Were rewarded with land upon discharge Replaces army of draftees in to army of volunteers Marius & Sulla

  34. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Elected consul in 88 BC When he left consulship, Marius tried to prevent him form taking customary military command that would have brought him fame/fortune Sulla’s Response: March on Rome Civil War erupts, and Sulla wins Rules as dictator from 82 to 79 BC Eventually retires and tries to give control back to Senate Marius & Sulla

  35. Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius, so he flees from Rome (goes North) When Sulla dies in 78 BC, Caesar returns and build a large following He is popular with people, but not with the Senate He realizes this, so he gets 2 popular generals – Pompey & Crassus – to join forces with him in 60 BC 3 form a political alliance The First Triumvirate Caesar becomes consul in 59 BC The First Triumvirate

  36. Caesar felt he needed military support, so he obtains a command in Gaul (France) Next 10 years, he brings all of Gaul into Roman rule Crassus dies in 53 BC Pompey grows jealous of Caesar, and was made sole consul Persuades Senate to tell Caesar to return to Rome without army Caesar refuses to give up military command, so heleads army toward Rome When Caesar reaches Rubicon River, he orders army to march in Rome Pompey and followers flee to Greece Left open for Caesar Caesar then goes on campaigns to extend empire, most notably in Egypt, where he gets Cleopatra on their throne as an ally 46 BC Caesar returns to Rome and is declared dictator for life Caesar in Power

  37. Caesar as politician: Granted citizenship to many in provinces Gave land to veterans Gave grain to poor Reduced Senate to an advisory council; increased membership to 900 Conservative families of Rome did NOT welcome this, so some senators that were against him formed a conspiracy 2 were friends: Longinus & Marcus Brutus Ides of March – 3/15 – 44 BC Caesar is stabbed to death Leads to more civil war Caesar in Power

  38. Who has Caesar chosen to take throne? 18 year old nephew, Octavian There was, however, still a scramble for power Marc Antony, an ally of Caesar, drove out all conspirators and took control in Rome, awaiting Octavian’s return from Greece They form 2nd Triumvirate, along with Lepidus, in 43 BC The Second Triumvirate

  39. Marc Antony leads an army east and reconquer Asia Minor from Brutus and Cassius Joins Cleopatra in Egypt Meanwhile, Octavian forces Lepidus out and builds up his own political power The Second Triumvirate

  40. Antony & Octavian divide the Roman world Antony = East Octavian = West Eventually, war erupts between 2 31 BC Naval battle at Actium Octavian defeats Antony Octavian captures Alexandria REPUBLIC ENDS Octavian: The 1st Augustus

  41. Octavian wanted to avoid Caesar’s fate, so he proceeded cautiously 27 BC Senate gave Octavian title of Augustus, or “the revered one.” Has been known as Augustus ever since Augustus (Octavian) considered 1st Roman emperor Under him Rome become an empire Orders census for tax records Set up postal service Wants to expand north, but is stopped at Rhine River Octavian: The First Augustus

  42. Augustus dies in AD 14 For next 54 years, relatives of Julius Caesar rule Tiberius AD 14 to AD 37 Adopted son of Augustus Caligula Insane, brutal Murdered in AD 41 Claudius Conquer Britain; ruled empire wisely He is poisoned by wife in AD 54 Nero AD 54 – AD 68 Persecuted Christians Fire swept through Rome, and many believed it was his fault Facing assassination, he killed himself in AD 68 The Julio-Claudians

  43. When Nero died, a number of emperors ruled supported by the army AD 96 Emperor Nerva in power 1st in a series of 5 known as Good Emperors Good Emperors rule for almost 100 years Trajan Rules AD 98 to AD 177 Added new areas that brought empire to largest size Hadrian Followed Trajan AD 117 to AD 138 Protect boundaries of empire Built Hadrian’s Wall in Scotland Marcus Aurelius AD 161 Well educated, not big on fighting Still had to defend from invaders The Good Emperors

  44. PaxRomana • 200 year span • Begins with Augustus, ends with Marcus Aurelius • “Roman Peace” = PaxRomana • Rome brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity to all lands • Roman legions maintain and protect roads; chase pirates from seas

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