Repair: Types and positions

1. Repair: Types and positions

2. Types of repair • Repair involves two important activities: • indicating that a repair is needed (repair initiation), and • making the repair (repair). • Each of these can be performed by different participants in the conversation. • Repair initiation can be done by : • the speaker of the repairable (self-initiated repair) • the recipient of the repairable (other-initiated repair) • Repair can be made by • the speaker of the repairable (self repair) • the recipient of the item (other repair)

3. Types of repair • There are four different types of repair: • Self-initiated self repair: in which the speaker of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem; • Self-initiated other repair: in which in which the speaker of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk, but the recipient resolves the problem; • Other-initiated self repair: in which the recipient of the repairable item indicates a problem in the talk and the speaker resolves the problem; and • Other-initiated other repair: in which the recipient of the repairable item both indicates a problem in the talk and resolves the problem.

4. Positions for repair • Repair can be found in may different sequential positions relative to the trouble: • within the same turn as the trouble source (same turn repair) • in the transition space following the turn containing the trouble source (transition space repair) • in the turn immediately following the trouble source (second position repair) • in a third positioned turn (third position repair) • in a fourth positioned turn. (fourth position repair)

5. Repair initiation and positions • Types of repair initiation are distributed across the positions in which repair can begin: same turn: self-initiation   transition space: self-initiation   second position: other-initiation   third position: self-initiation   fourth position: other-initiation

6. Examples of repair types and positions • Same turn: self-initiated self repair • Transition space: self-initiated self repair • Second position: other-initiated self repair

7. Examples of repair types and positions • Third position: self-initiated self repair • Fourth position: other-initiated self repair

8. Same turn repair • Same turn repair is accomplished by non-lexical perturbations in speech such as cut-offs, uh and uhm, pauses or sound stretches. • Cut-offs • Cut-offs are interruptions of the word (or sound) underway. • They works to stop the next due from being articulated. • They are used to initiate repair on some trouble source which has already been produced.

9. Same turn repair • Uh, uhm and pauses • These occur outside word boundaries and stop the articulation of the next word due in the turn. • They are typically used to repair a next element in the talk.

10. Same turn repair • Sound stretches • Sound stretches initiate a search for some unavailable item. • They are employed within a word, but serves to initiate repair of some next element.

11. Same turn repair • The various types of repair initiations are often found in combination as a repair segment.

12. Same turn repair • Self-initiated repair in the same turn is usually resolved by the speaker (self-initiated self repair). • It may be repaired by the recipient in a next turn (self-initiated other-repair).

13. Same turn repair • Same turn repair can deal with interactional problems resulting from actions of the recipient. • Recycled turn beginnings are closely linked to repairing problems of securing a gazing recipient.

14. Transition space repair • There are a number of formats found in initiating transition space repair. • No explicit repair initiation marker. • A very reduced transition space (e.g. latching). • Devices such as uh and uhm

15. Transition space repair • There are a number of formats found in initiating transition space repair. • Devices such as I mean. • A not X, Y format.

16. Second position repair • Second position repair is the first structurally specified place for other-initiated repair. • Many of other-initiated repairs are spread over two turns: • They are initiated in second position by the recipient of the trouble (FPP) • They are completed in third position by the speaker of the trouble (SPP).

17. Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. • Repair initiators such as huh? or what?

18. Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. • Specific question words such as who, where and when.

19. Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. • Partial repeats. • Partial repeats with a question word.

20. Second position repair • Speakers use a range of turn-constructional devices to initiate repair in second position. • You mean with a possible understanding of the prior trouble.

21. Second position repair • Other-initiated other repair (correction)has distinctive formats. • Exposed correction: • This structure is: a. A speaker produces some object (X) b. A subsequent speaker produces an alternative (Y) c. The prior speaker produces the alternative (Y) (accepts correction).

22. Second position repair • Correction may be associated with other correction-related talk: warrants, explanations, etc. • Other repair may be rejected. • This means there is a variant for the final position in the structure: c’ The prior speaker produces the original (X) (rejects correction)

23. Second position repair • Embedded correction • The structure of embedded correction is like exposed correction, but correction talk is not the main activity happening. • Other correction related talk does not occur.

24. Third position repair • Third position allows for repairing a trouble in understanding of a prior turn demonstrated by the recipient’s response to it.

25. Third position repair • There is a four component format for third position repair, consisting of: • a repair-initiating component • an agreement/acceptance component • a rejection component • the repair proper

26. Third position repair • The repair-initiating component has the forms: • No. • No may be repeated as no no or no no no. • No may also be found in combination with oh. • Well

27. Third position repair • The agreement/acceptance component occurs where the original turn is treated as a complaint.

28. Third position repair • The rejection component rejects the understanding of the first turn revealed by the recipient’s response. • There are a small number of possible formats • I don’t mean X. • I’m not X-ing format, where X names an action which prior speaker has understood the talk to be doing. • Combined formats with the action represented by a proform: that’s not what I mean, I don’t mean that.

29. Third position repair • I don’t mean X.

30. Third position repair • I’m not X-ing.

31. Third position repair • Combined format.

32. Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There are a small number of common formats: • The speaker may repeat the prior turn with some modification.

33. Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There are a small number of common formats: • I mean + repair.

34. Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There are a small number of common formats: • a more specific formulation of the trouble source.

35. Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There are a small number of common formats: • An explanation.

36. Third position repair • The repair proper modifies the prior turn in some way to deal with a problem. • There are a small number of common formats: • a characterization of the trouble source as serious or non-serious.

37. Fourth position repair • Fourth position repair allows a recipient of a trouble to repair a problem of understanding evident in the talk produced in the third position. • Fourth position repair consists of two components. • a change of state token oh reflecting • a recharacterization of the trouble source.

38. The multiple repair space • The series of positions form a repair initiation opportunity space.

39. The preference for self-repair • There is a preference for self-repair in conversation. • The preference does not affect who initiates repair but who does repair. • Self and other initiation are equally available to deal with problems. • Self repair is preferred and other repair is dispreferred.