By Jake, Casia, Andrew, Cary, and Codi

1. South America From 10,000 BCE to today By Jake, Casia, Andrew, Cary, and Codi

2. The Beginnings of man, agriculture, religion and sophisticated communities 10,000 BCE – 0 CE

3. c. 8000 BCE – Potatoes and beans first cultivated by native peoples in South America • c. 3500 BCE – Pottery • c. 3500 BCE – Permanent Fishing villages • 3114 BCE – according to Maya Long Count Calendar, creation of world takes place

4. 3000 BCE – Alpacas and llamas domesticated in Andes Mountains range • 2300 BCE – Earliest permanent fishing villages in Mesoamerica • 2000 BCE – Mayan Civilization (clearly established) • 1800-1750 BCE – Irrigation used

5. 1440 BCE – First metalworking • 1200-400 BCE – Olmec Civilization in Mesoamerica • c. 1200-1100 Olmecs build pyramids in Central America (modern Mexico) • c. 350 BCE – Earliest Mayan city-states • 150 BCE – El Mirador (Guatemala) becomes largest center of Mayan civilization

6. Pre-European exploration and colonization of South America 1 CE – 1400 CE

7. 1 CE – Vicús people bury their dead in chamber tombs 29 ft deep. Hand-modeled ceramics in human/animal forms • 50 CE – Powerful ruler of Moche people is laid to rest with female attendant and sacrificial llama • 100 CE – Moche build urban centers in northern coastal valleys

8. 100 CE – construction of Huaca del sol “pyramid of the sun” • 100 CE – construction of Huaca de la Luna “pyramid of the moon” • 100 CE – Gallinazo, one of first urban centers of central Andes, located in middle of Virú valley covers approx. 3 sq. miles

9. 150 CE – Cahuachi is dominant ceremonial site in Southern Peru • Has over 400 hills capped w/ adobe structures and attracts hundreds of worshipers • 200 CE – In Cerro Callingará numerous gold objects, totaling 3.7 kg in weight, are buried

10. Stylistically and technologically related to works from Ecuador and Columbia, includes headdresses, earrings, and human/animal sculptures • Desert region of the Pampa of Nazca, south coast people create a large-scale labyrinth of geoglyphs ranging from animals to other geometric shapes • 250 CE- ruling elite of northern-most province of Moche state is buried in cemetery known as Loma Negra in Piura Valley

11. European control and conquest of South America and revolutions 1401 CE – 1800 CE

12. 1438-1533 CE – Incan Empire • Conquered by Spanish led by Francisco Pizzaro • Had many dietes and gods, believed in religion • Believed in reincarnation and that death was passage into next world that was full of difficulties • The spirit of the dead (camaquen) would need to follow a long dark road and during the trip the assistance of black dog that was able to see in the dark was required

13. The Incas made human sacrifices. As many as 4,000 servants, court officials, favorites, and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca Huayna Capac in 1527 • The Incas also performed child sacrifices during or after important events, such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine • These sacrifices were known as capacocha

14. Spanish Conquest led to downfalls of native civilizations such as the Aztecs, Incans and other Andean civilizations • Spanish had mixed interactions with indigenous peoples creating many different social classes

15. Peninsulares were at the top and were born in Spain • Creoles were still Spanish but born in colonies • Mestizos were half-Spanish half-indigenous peoples • Mulattoes were indigenous peoples

16. Spanish forced heavy conversions to Christianity • Native Americans rejected at first • Eventually blended religions together • Massive trade and demand for silver for coins and trade • Slaves from Africa to work in plantations and other things • Massive taking of resources

17. Industrialization and De-colonization through WWI & WWII 1801 CE – 1945 CE

18. 1801 CE – After slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865 slavery still continued in Puerto Rico, Cuba and Brazil • 1914 CE - The Panama Canal opened up which connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean through Central America. This allowed for easier trade from Europe to the West coast of the Americas as they no longer had to travel around South America

19. 1821 CE - Mexico wins independence from Spain • Mexico during the early 19th century needed more people to fill its densely populated lands including present day Arizona, Colorado, California, New Mexico, Texas and small parts of many other States United States currently owns today. The Americans eager to expand gladly migrated into what was at that time Mexico. However former Americans were unhappy with Mexico’s laws and eventually started a war and won all of the Southern United States areas

20. During the 19th century many of the colonies once owned by a European power won their independence. With this independence the raping of resources came to a halt and the money then went to its population as colonies no longer were restricted to trade with colonial power. However the foreign nations still benefited as the new countries imported more than they exported which didn’t put a demand on build industrial nations. Latin America had little need to industrialize as the Europeans already had the factories. Since they didn’t industrialize these countries could not play a major role in the world’s economy • Americans help Cubans win their independence since we had a large interest in Cuba as they produced 50% of the world’s coffee • This was known as the Spanish-American war

21. 1810-1900 CE - South American Revolutions caused smaller nations due to the fact that they were either culturally, ethically, or religiously different or a combination of those just listed • Complete abolishment of slavery in the South America didn’t occur until 1888 with Brazil being the last country to make slavery illegal • 1801 CE - Haiti was first wound up with the fact that the French Revolution’s constitution didn’t include Haiti even though they were a French colony. So Haiti’s slaves started to revolt and kill many French and other white slave holders and it got to the point to where they would just kill all the white people

22. 1804 CE - Haiti was first and only country to have a successful slave revolution and granted slaves with full equality and declared independence • Latin Americas economy was mainly based off of agricultural and mineral resource • Latin American countries rarely traded with one another, most of their exports went straight to Europe.

23. Development of Governments, Globalization, Foreign Trade, and other global interactions after WWII 1946 CE – Modern Times

24. 1954/1956/1973 CE – US intervenes with governments to Guatemala, Bolivia and Chile to prevent spread of communism during cold war • 1950 CE – Cuba ruled by dictator Fulgencio Batista • 1959 CE – Batista overthrown in revolution, succeeded by Fidel Castro • 1960 CE – Us trains anti-castro Cuban exiles

25. 1961 CE – Trained soldiers attack Cuba, fails • Known as Bay of Pigs invasion • 1962 CE – Nikita Khruschev builds 42 soviet missile sites in Cuba • America uses U2 spy-planes over Cuba • Cuban Missile Crisis follows during this time

26. 1979 CE – Rebels overthrow Nicaraguan dictator • Led by Daniel Ortega • Civil war followed, ended in 1990

27. 1956-1961 CE – JuscelinoKubitschek pushes towards democracy & good economy in Brazil • Built city of Brasília, made national debt go up and caused inflammation • 1964 CE – Military coup • 1980 CE – Recession in Brazil • 1994 CE – Fernando Enrique Cardoso helps economy when elected

28. 1946 CE – PRI in Mexico • Institutional Revolutionary Party • 1980-1990 CE – Economic and political crisis in Mexico • 2000 CE – End of PRI, voted Vicente Fox as president of Mexico

29. 1946 CE – Juan Perón elected president in Argentina • 1970 CE – Argentina in chaos • 1976 CE – Generals take control over Argentinean government • 1982 CE – Military government goes to war with Britain over Falkland islands and is defeated

30. Generals step down • 1983 CE – Argentinean free election • 2001 CE – IMF refuses to help Argentina, economic collapse ever since • American oil companies globalize and take resources from countries like Venezuela • Economic trade and globalization from other countries effect economy and resources taking mostly all and leaving none

31. EL FIN