Land Use Near Freeways: Exposure Risk to Mobile Source Pollutants

1. Land Use Near Freeways: Exposure Risk to Mobile Source Pollutants Gail Sandlin, Alon Bassok & Christine Bae University of Washington Department of Urban Design & Planning

2. Research question:Is there a disparate impact on low income and minority populations for exposure to mobile source pollutants? Examine the hypotheses that: • populations live or attend schools within proximity to freeways • socioeconomic demographics of populations within proximity to freeways indicates a high concentration of low income and minority

3. Freeway Air Pollution Sheds (FAPS) in King County, WA, Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)

4. FAPS and Portland UGB

5. Trends in Vehicle Miles Traveled - Seattle area 1981-1992 Seattle & Portland 1990-1997 http://www.psrc.org/datapubs/pubs/trends/t2sep03.pdf http://mobility.tamu.edu

6. -2000 Traffic Volume- Limited Access Freeways www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/annualtrafficreport.htm www.odot.state.or.us/tdb/traffic_monitoring/tvtable.htm

7. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/pdfs/Pollution_Pie_2002.pdfhttp://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/pdfs/Pollution_Pie_2002.pdf

9. Environmental Health Traffic Studies • Germany: Wjst et al.1993 • Netherlands: Brunekreef’s collaborations 1997 to present • United States: • New York City & Boston (community based studies) • Upstate New York: Linet al • Los Angeles: • English et al. 1999 • Korenstein et al. 2002 • Zhu et al. 2002 • Gunier et al. 2003 • Green et al. 2004 • Italy: Crosignani et al. 2004

10. Traffic & Adverse Health Effects 1. Proxy Exposure Methods • Distance ( 100 - 400 m) • Dispersion modeling • Monitoring studies • Traffic volume (AADT) • Traffic Density (road segments in buffer) • Percent Truck Traffic 2. Acute Short Term Exposure v. Long Term Low Level Exposure • Adverse health effects below regulatory levels 3.Cumulative and / or Synergistic Effects

11. Dispersion of Ultrafine ParticlesZhu et al. (2002)

13. I-5 northbound Traffic Volume: 2002 Annual Traffic ReportWA DOT http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/mapsdata/tdo/annualtrafficreport.htm

14. RAMMET • Meteorological pre-processor – • prepares National Weather Service data for use in dispersion modeling • Scram Surface Met data • Seattle-Tacoma, 1991 • Scram Upper Air data • Quillayute Airport, 1991 • Created • .met output file • Wind Rose

15. Wind Rose: 37% of time from southwest ~37% ;19% of time from northeast

16. Cleveland playfield Cleveland High Maple Hill area Georgetown

17. Cleveland High School

18. Freeway Air Pollution Sheds (FAPS) in King County, WA, Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)

19. School Demographics

20. FAPS and Portland UGB

21. School Demographics

22. Methodology Ratio = Residential Units in FAPS Residential Units in Block Groups

23. Residential Land Use in FAPS • King UGB SF units 6892 • King UGB MF units 15274 • Portland area UGB SF units 2676 • Portland area UGB MF units 4685

24. Population X in FAPS Y Total population in FAPS Y ----------------------------------- Population X in UGB Total population in UGB Relative Concentration (RC) of the Vulnerable Pop. LQ =

25. LQ ratio: FAPS to UGB

26. LQ ratio: FAPS to UGB

27. Residential infill within King FAPS 1990-2000: 981 SF homes 81 Apartment complexes (5,846 units) 1980 -1989: 357 SF homes 66 Apartment complexes (1,165 units)

29. Conclusion • Populations live within proximity to major traffic freeways; with an increasing trend • With respect to area demographics, there is a higher concentration of minorities and low income populations living within proximity to major traffic freeways • Schools are located within proximity to major freeways and preliminary data indicate these schools are predominately low-income and minority

30. Next Steps • Pierce County UGB • Senior facilities • Hot Spot analysis • Traffic volume, fleet composition • Dispersion modeling • Temperature, wind direction, topography • Microscale monitoring