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Natural Language

Natural Language. Agent Communication. Background. Language:- human’s greatest skill large vocabulary, unlimited expressiveness Animal language limited Studies Chimps, Dolphins vocabulary of 100’s limited generalisation. Communication. Speech act speaker utterance hearer utterance

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Natural Language

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  1. Natural Language Agent Communication

  2. Background • Language:- human’s greatest skill • large vocabulary, unlimited expressiveness • Animal language limited • Studies • Chimps, Dolphins • vocabulary of 100’s • limited generalisation

  3. Communication • Speech act • speaker • utterance • hearer • utterance • sequence of words

  4. Reasons for communicating • Inform • Query • Answer • Request/ Command • Promise • Acknowledge • Share

  5. Communicating Agents

  6. Using Language

  7. Fundamentals • Formal languages • BNF form • Example <Exp> : = <Sym> | <Sym> <Op> <Exp> <Op> : = + | - | * | / <Sym> : = A | B | C

  8. Natural Language Grammar • Simplified subset for particular problems • Grammar • Terminals form the lexicon S : = NP VP | S Conjunction S NP : = Pronoun | Noun | Article Noun etc VP : = Verb | VP NP | VP Adjective| VP Adverb etc

  9. Performance Limits • Realistic lexicons are very large • Realistic grammars are large • Long sentences will require many backtracking stages • Performance degrades as grammar & lexicon become more realistic

  10. Definite Clause Grammar • Sentence generation • Translate predicates into sentences • Sentence comprehension • Translate Sentences into predicates

  11. Comprehension Example • Wumpus world "The Gold is at 2, 3” Use: VP (is at x, y) <=> At (Subject , Object), Object = x, y NP (The Gold) <=> Subject = Gold so S (The Gold is at 2, 3) <=> At (Gold, 2, 3)

  12. Problems • Grammars overgenerate • case, gender & number issues • noncompositional property • ambiguity issues

  13. Ambiguity • lexical • multiple meanings of words • syntactic • sentence parsed in multiple ways • referential • use of pronouns • pragmatic • agents world view different • vagueness

  14. Disambiguation • Multiple interpretations raised due to ambiguities • Solve at a higher level using: • World model • Mental model • Language model

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