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Memory

Memory. Memory persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Encoding. Automatic. Effortful. Encoding: Getting Information In. Effortful Encoding. Rehearsal: conscious repetition of information Types Maintenance Rehearsal: rote memory

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Memory

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  1. Memory • Memory • persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

  2. Encoding Automatic Effortful Encoding: Getting Information In

  3. Effortful Encoding • Rehearsal: conscious repetition of information • Types • Maintenance Rehearsal: rote memory • Elaborative Rehearsal: associating unlike terms • Deep Processing: understand meaning

  4. Effortful Encoding • Imagery • mental pictures • Mnemonics • techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

  5. Effortful Encoding • Chunking • organizing items into familiar, manageable units • XIBMCIAFBICBSMTV • X IBM CIA FBI CBS MTV

  6. Encoding Phenomena • Serial Position Effect • Next-in-Line Effect • Sleep Effect • Spacing Effect • Distributed practice over mass practice

  7. Storage • Sensory Memory • the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system • extremely temporary • Iconic memory • Echoic memory • determine what needs to passed on and what does not • bypassed by rehearsal techniques

  8. Storage • Short-Term Memory • consciously activated memory that holds a few items briefly • our mental scratch pad • will hold approx. 7 +/- 2 items • time and space limited

  9. Storage • Long-Term Memory • the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

  10. Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems

  11. Retrieval • Encoding Specificity Principle: retrieval is affected by encoding situations • context: things going on internally (mood congruent memory) and externally (environment) while encoding • physical state: if under the influence of a substance such as caffeine while encoding, will best retrieve under the influence of that substance (state dependent retrieval)

  12. Retrieval • Recall • measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier • as on a fill-in-the blank test • Recognition • Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify (recognize) items previously learned • as on a multiple-choice test

  13. Retrieval Cues • Deja Vu (French)--already seen • Often causes the eerie feeling of “having experienced before” • cues from a current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience (priming) • Flashbulb memories • Vivid recollection of often emotional events • Where were you when the 911 attacks took place?

  14. Biological Basis of Memory • Synaptic changes • Long-term Potentiation • increase in synapse’s firing potential of memory neurons after brief, rapid stimulation • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • some stress hormones boost learning and retention • Hippocampus

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