The Age of Things: Sticks, Stones and the Universe

1. The Age of Things:Sticks, Stones and the Universe Molecular Dating and the Many Kinds of Mammals http://cfcp.uchicago.edu/~mmhedman/compton1.html

2. Proconsul

4. WARNING! Astrophysicist talking about Mammalian Phylogeny!

6. Non-Placental Mammals Marsupials Monotremes

7. Rodentia

8. Lagomorpha

9. Chiroptera

10. Carnivora

11. Primates

12. Cetacea

13. Atriodactyla

14. Perissodactlya

15. Xenarthra

16. Hyracoidea Sirenia Proboscidea Dermoptera Tubilentata Pholidota

17. Insectivora Scandentia Macroscelidea

18. Fossil Records of the Different Orders

19. Relationships between the orders derived from morphological characteristics

20. Perhaps orders arose rapidly when the dinosaurs died out

21. Molecular Data Sloth TGCCAAATTAGTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGTTT Hedgehog TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGAATGGACTACATGGTGTTCTTCAGCTT Sirenian TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Elephant TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Aardvark TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Mouse TGCCACTTCCGTTCCGTGGTCAGTTTGGATTACATGGTCTTCTTCAGCTT Rabbit TGCAAATTCGATTCTGTTATACCCATGGAATACATGGTCTTCTTTAGCTT Human TGCCAATTTGTTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGTCTACATGGTATACTTCAGCTT Flying Fox TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTCATAAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTATTTCAGCTT Whale TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Pig TGCCAGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Horse TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGCATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Cat TGCCAGTTCCGTTCTGTCATGACGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT

22. Chimp Gorilla Orangutan Human 1.24% 1.62% 3.08% Chimp 1.63% 3.12% Gorilla 3.09% Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan

23. All animals do not accumulate mutations at the same rate

24. W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

25. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

26. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

27. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

28. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

29. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Accumulates More Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

30. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 Accumulates More Mutations 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

31. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

32. Tree Based on Morphological Characters Tree Based on Molecular Characters

33. Afrotheria Xenartha Euarchonotoglires Laurasiatheria

34. Proconsul Sivapithecus Calibrating the molecular clock Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan 1% 5 Millions of years ago 10 2% Sivapithecus 3% 15 Proconsul

35. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

36. X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

37. A simpler problem: Flipping Coins Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips

38. A simpler problem: Flipping Coins Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips

39. A simpler problem: Flipping Coins Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips Likelihood the coin was flipped a given number of times

41. 120 Million Years Ago Eutherians

42. 105 Million Years Ago Afrotheria Eutherians Xenarthra and others

43. 90 Million Years Ago Euarchontoglires Laurasiatheria ? Afrotheria Xenarthra

44. Next Time Meteorites and the Age of the Solar System