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INTERNASJONAL PRIVATRETT Ordre Public

INTERNASJONAL PRIVATRETT Ordre Public. Professor dr. juris Giuditta Cordero Moss. Ordre Public. Kjøpslovvalgsloven § 6: Ein framand rettsregel som ikkje er samhøveleg med ålmennskipnaden (l'ordre public) her i riket, kan ikkje nyttast etter denne lova. Roma I art. 16:

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INTERNASJONAL PRIVATRETT Ordre Public

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  1. INTERNASJONAL PRIVATRETTOrdre Public Professor dr. juris Giuditta Cordero Moss

  2. Ordre Public • Kjøpslovvalgsloven § 6: • Ein framand rettsregel som ikkje er samhøveleg med ålmennskipnaden (l'ordre public) her i riket, kan ikkje nyttast etter denne lova. • Roma I art. 16: • The application of a rule of the law of any country specified by this Convention may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy ("ordre public") of the forum.

  3. Funksjon • Positiv ordre public • Verktøy for å anvende egne regler • Negativ ordre public • Barriere mot anvendelse av fremmede regler

  4. Positiv ordre public • Samme funksjon som internasjonalt preseptoriske regler • Unødig begrep • Funksjon blir en annen ifm anerkjennelse av dommer voldgiftsdommer • Begrepet må innsnevres

  5. New York Convention 1958 V. 2. Recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the competent authority in the country where recognition and enforcement is sought finds that: (a)[…] or (b) The recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of that country.

  6. Luganokonvensjon • Art 27.1 En dom skal ikke anerkjennes dersom: (1)anerkjennelse ville virke støtende på rettsordenen («ordre public») i mottakerstaten;2 […]

  7. Negativ ordre public • Har samme omfang ved anvendelse av fremmed rett og ved anerkjennelse av dommer og voldgiftsdommer • Hva skjer ved tomrommet som oppstår? • Fylles med systematisk tolking av fremmed lex causae • Fylles med annen fremmed rett med tilknytning • Fylles med lex fori

  8. Internasjonal ordre public • Brukes for å innsnevre omfanget av positiv ordre public • Vanskelig å konkretisere

  9. Relativ ordre public • OP endrer seg historisk og geografisk • Relativitet også mht tiknytning til forum? • Ikke ved snever, negativ ordre public

  10. Hva er ordre public? • Er ikke lik ufravikelige regler • Er ikke lik internasjonalt preseptoriske regler (hvis negativ OP) • Er muligens lik hensynet bak noen OMR • Er lik de fundamentale prinsipper som samfunnet er basert på

  11. Grunnlov § 97 • Rt. 1934 s. 152 • (Dommer Alten): § 97 er grense for anvendelse av utenlandske lovbestemmelser som forutsettes å ha tilbakevirkende kraft

  12. Andre typiske OP prinsipper • Korrupsjon • Narkotika • Nasjonalisering uten kompensasjon

  13. Når er en internasjonal preseptorisk regel også ordre public?

  14. Disregard of mandatory rules on agency • Applicable rule: compensation equal to one year of provisions, calculated on the average of the last 5 years of exercise • Award 1.: compensation equal to six months of provisions – probably not against OP • Award 2.: compensation equal to one day of provision – probably against OP

  15. Disregard of Competition Rules • Licence Agreement violating EU competition rules • Award directs Licensor to pay damages for unlawful termination • Licensor challenges the award on ground of contrast with ordre public • Dutch courts: national competition law is not ordre public • EC Court of Justice: EU competition law is ordre public (EcoSwiss China Time Ltd v. Benetton International NB)

  16. Disregard of InsolvencyRules • Swedish company files for bankruptcy and stops payments under charterparty • Award directs Swedish company to effect payments under charter party • Award not enforced in US: ordre public requires that equitable and orderly distribution of assets under foreign bankruptcy proceeding (Salen Dry Cargo AB v. Victrix Streamship Co, C.A., 2nd Circ., August 5, 1987)

  17. Disregard of Security Exchange Rules • ”Differenzeinwand” – gambling violates ordre public; • Applicable to financial transactions speculating on flotation of currency, interest rates or commodities-swap, future agrements? • Austria, Supreme Court May 11,1983: award unenforceable • Germany, BGH June 15, 1987: matter not arbitrable • Germany, BGH February 26, 1991: award enforceable

  18. Disregard of Foreign Exchange Rules • Prohibition in debtor’s country to effect payment abroad • Award directs debtor to effect payment • English court enforces award – award is valid even if underlying transaction may be illegal in another country (Dalmia Dairy Industries Ltd. V. National Bank of Pakistan [1978] 2 Lloyd’s Law Rep 223-303)

  19. Disregard of Import-Export Rules • French exporter agrees with Mexican importer to falsify invoices to avoid import duties • Award: French governing law is not concerned with foreign customs law – contract is not against ordre public • Doctrine: • Good award, truly delocalised • Narrow-minded award, there is no ”foreign” law if tribunal is truly international

  20. Disregard of Embargo • US court: award violating US embargo agaisnt Libya is not against ordre public (National Oil Corp v. Libyan Sun Oil Company, 733 F.Supp. (1990), 800) • US court: matter relating to US embargo against Cuba is arbitrable (Belship Navigation Inc. V. Sealift Inc, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10541)

  21. OP/Arb. OMR Not OP

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