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HARDWARE INFRASTRUCTURE IS 340 BY CHANDRA S. AMARAVADI

Explore data storage measures, CPU components, hardware architectures, and computer categorizations in today's digital world. Understand RAM, ROM, input/output devices, primary and secondary storage, monitors, printers, and more.

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HARDWARE INFRASTRUCTURE IS 340 BY CHANDRA S. AMARAVADI

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  1. HARDWARE INFRASTRUCTURE IS 340 BY CHANDRA S. AMARAVADI

  2. IN THIS PRESENTATION • Measures of data, time speed • CPU & HW components • Micro-computer architecture • Computer architecture

  3. MEASURES OF DATA, TIME & SPEED

  4. MEASURES OF DATA.. APPROXIMATIONS • Byte • Kilobyte 1 * 103 bytes • Megabyte 1 * 106 bytes • Gigabyte 1 * 109 bytes • Terabyte 1 * 1012 bytes • Petabyte 1 * 1015 bytes Note: A kilobyte is actually 210 i.e. 1024 bytes

  5. UNITS OF TIME (FYI) • Millisec. 1 * 10-3 sec. • Microsec. 1 * 10-6 sec. • Nanosec. 1 * 10-9 sec. • Picosec. 1 * 10-12 sec.

  6. MEASURES OF SPEED • Gigahertz (Ghz) • MIPS • Gigaflops/Teraflops

  7. CPU & HARDWARE COMPONENTS

  8. VON NEUMANN HW ARCHITECTURE Networks CPU Control Unit Output Devices Input Devices ALU Primary Storage (RAM,ROM) Secondary storage

  9. COMPUTER COMPONENTS ALU -- Arithmetic, Logic Unit; carries out math and comparison Control Unit – Sends control signals and regulates timing via system clock RAM - temporary working memory, stores part of OS all temporary files, current applications are stored to RAM; consists of numbered memory locations. ROM - permanent internal memory, for bootup Peripherals – includes monitors, storage, printers, keyboards etc.

  10. TYPES OF RAM SRAM – Static Ram (uses transistors) DRAM – Dynamic Ram (capacitor based) Flash – Uses EPROM technology (transistors)

  11. STORAGE, I/O DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS

  12. SECONDARY STORAGE For permanent/ long term storage Secondary storage Tapes (replaced with optical disks) hard disks, USB jump drives Optical disks

  13. HARD DISKS & OPTICAL DISKS HARD DISK: Steel platter array for micro-computer systems OPTICAL DISK: Plastic disk with grooved surface tracks sectors . disk surface 400 GByte

  14. OPTICAL STORAGE Laser beam creates/reads pits on plastic disks COMPACT DISK (CD) – 550 MB: CD-ROM: Compact Disk – Read only CD-R:Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW:CD – Rewritable DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, but holds 10GB

  15. I/O DEVICES to input and output data from the computer • Monitors • Scanners • Printers • Plotters • Voice synthesizers

  16. MONITORS Monitors are computer screens. Types: LCD (mainly), Plasma screen (going out of favor) across 1920 x 1080 down Resolution: #of bits in rows & cols. (how fine is the picture?) Contrast: difference in brightness between brightest & darkest

  17. PRINTERS Types: inkjet vs laser Inkjet – sprays liquid ink Laser -- uses solid toner Speed (pages/min, PPM) Printer characteristics Resolution (dots/in or DPI)

  18. OTHER I/O DEVICES • KEYBOARD • MOUSE • Wired/wireless • Infra-red • Trackball • Touch pad • JOYSTICK • TOUCH SCREEN

  19. COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

  20. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS • Supercomputer • Mainframe • Server/workstation • Personal computer (PC) • Personal digital assistant (PDA)

  21. PCARCHITECTURE PRIMARY STORAGE CPU INPUT DEVICES DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE

  22. PC LAYOUT.. FYI Bus wires to I/O devices, such as printers, monitors CPU Expansion slots

  23. SEQ/ ‘//’ ARCHITECTURE Program Program TASK 1 RESULT RESULT Program TASK 2 RESULT SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL CPU CPU CPU CPU TASK 1 TASK 2 TASK 3 CPU

  24. IS ARCHITECTURES

  25. IS ARCHITECTURE A configuration of computers CENTRALIZED:Processing carried by • One or more “hosts” (“host-based arch.) DISTRIBUTED:Processing shared by several hosts connected by a network • Hosts can be smaller mainframes or client server CLIENT SERVER:More popular; processing carried by • One or more “servers”

  26. CENTRALIZED VS DISTRIBUTED mini Host mini Centralized Distributed

  27. CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE CLIENT CLIENT requests SERVER e.g. mail, database data/service CLIENT CLIENT:Any computer that requires a service. SERVER: Any computer that can fulfill a request.

  28. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS • What is the purpose of RAM? • Why are disks divided into tracks and sectors? • What type of information is stored in ROM? in RAM? • What factors determine the power of a PC? • What factors influence the purchase of printers? • What type of computer configurations are popular nowadays? • What is the difference between laser and inkjet printers?

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