Fisheries sustainability – CFP directions, MSFD descriptors and CSI Poul Degnbol

1. Fisheries sustainability – CFP directions, MSFD descriptors and CSI Poul Degnbol Head of ICES advisory programme / ETC/W Marine and Coastal EEA/EIONET workshop 25/10 1010 EEA Copenhagen

2. Fisheries sustainability • From avoiding something bad • Precautionary approach – safe biological limits • To avoiding somthing bad AND rebuild marine ecosystems • Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) with precaution about population sizes

3. Precautionary approach Do not reduce the population to a level where reproduction may be impaired Safe Biological Limits

4. Cod in the North Sea Yield Recruitment Parent stock Fishing mortality

5. “Outside safe biological limits” Blim Safe biological limits Impaired recruitment ?? North Sea cod

6. Cod in the North Sea Yield Recruitment Parent stock Fishing mortality

7. Safe biological limits - status

8. MSFD descriptor 3 Populations of all commercially exploited fish and shellfishare within safe biological limits, exhibiting a population age and size distribution that is indicative of a healthy stock.

9. Maximum Sustainable Yield • Maintining (or rebuilding) stocks at high productivity • Rebuilding marine ecosystems (from a state of gross overexploitation) • Delivering services to society (food and economic benefits)

10. Maximum sustainable yield • Concept developed in the 1930s • The productivity of a population is maximum at intermediate population sizes Hjort 1930

11. B&H 1956 • The productivity of a fish population is a balance between individual growth and mortality • Fisheries yield will have a maximum Beverton and Holt 1956

12. MSY • Fisheries yield depends on fishing mortality and selectivity Beverton 1953

13. Maximum sustainable Yield (MSY) Present fishing mortality North Sea cod North Sea cod

14. MSY vs SBL • Safe biological limits is about avoiding to impair stock reproduction • MSY is about maintaining fish stocks well above safe levels and thereby maintain ecosystem services (ecosystem structure, diversity, societal benefits (food, economic opportunities) • MSY is (in the present situation of overfishing) about reducing fishing pressure importantly and thereby rebuild fish stocks well above safe levels

15. Uptake in management • MSY seems an easy basis for fisheries management • Relates to management instruments – TAC/effort and selectivity • Who would object to something which is ’maximum’ and ’sustainable’ ? • Introduced formally in management from 1955 • Increasingly influential as the conceptual basis for fisheries management – formalised in UN Law of the Sea and UN stocks agreement 1995

16. Critique • Larkin 1977: • Puts populations on too much risk • Does not consider spatial variation • Only considers target stock • Considers only benefits, not costs • Later critique • Does not consider other elements of ecosystem • sensitive species • Habitat impacts • Ecosystem ’health’ – food webs, biodiversity • Relates to equilibrium and a constant nature – this never applies in reality • Focus limited to biological sustainability • Social sustainability? • Economic optimality not equal to MSY

17. MSY at the policy forefront • UNCLOS • UN fish stocks agreement 1995 • WSSD 2002 • EC MSY policy 2006 • Stated as core conservation target in EC Green Paper on Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy 2009 • Societal objectives firmly based on ’MSY’ • Which science has rejected in its classical shape

18. Dilemma • Classical MSY concept flawed • Political objectives refer to ’MSY’ • How to reinterpret ’MSY*?

19. Reinterpreting ’MSY’ • Interpretation: policy guidelines referring to ’MSY’ refer to the need to ensure optimal ecosystem services on the long term (not to the classical MSY concept) • ’MSY’ must be within – not replacing other boundaries: • Precautionary approach (”safe biological limits”) • Ecosystem approach

20. MSY limits • Precautionary approach: MSY limited by limit stock size • Ecosystem approach: MSY limited by unacceptable ecosystem impacts (biodiversity, habitats, ecosystem health)

21. State of Stocks: MSY

22. MSFD descriptors with important fisheries impacts 1. Biological diversity is maintained. The quality and occurrence of habitats and the distribution and abundance of species are in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climatic conditions. 3. Populations of all commercially exploited fish and shellfish are within safe biological limits, exhibiting a population age and size distribution that is indicative of a healthy stock. 4. All elements of the marine food webs, to the extent that they are known, occur at normal abundance and diversity and levels capable of ensuring the long-term abundance of the species and the retention of their full reproductive Capacity. 6. Sea-floor integrity is at a level that ensures that the structure and functions of the ecosystems are safeguarded and benthic ecosystems, in particular, are not adversely affected.

23. Dilemma – MSFD vs CFP • Fisheries management is an exclusive community competence – MSFD objectives involving fisheries can only be implemnted through CFP measures • MSFD refers to ’safe biological limits’ while CFP moving ahead to stricter conservation targets (MSY within the precautionary approach) • What to do?

24. Call the experts

25. Decide (fishing pressure) • Primary indicator. The primary indicator for the level of pressure of the fishing activity is the following: • Fishing mortality (F)(3.1.1) • Achieving good environmental status requires that F values are equal to or lower than FMSY, the level capable of producing Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). This means that in mixed fisheries and where ecosystem interactions are important, long term management plans may result in exploiting some stocks more lightly than at FMSY levels in order not to prejudice the exploitation at FMSY of other species[1]. • [1] Communication "Implementing sustainability in EU fisheries through maximum sustainable yield", COM (2006) 360 of 4.7.2006.

26. Decide (biomass) • Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB)(3.2.1) • This is estimated from appropriate analytical assessments based on the analysis of catch at age or at length and ancillary information. • Where an analytical assessment allows the estimation of SSB, the reference value reflecting full reproductive capacity is SSBMSY, i.e., the spawning stock biomass that would achieve MSY under a fishing mortality equal to FMSY. Any observed SSB values equal to or greater than SSBMSY is considered to meet this criterion.

27. Future status indicators? • No stocks fished at or below FMSY • No of stocks at or above SSBMSY • but SSBMSY not known presently and is not robust to environmental changes • Weighting of stocks ? • they range 3 orders of magnitude in biomass • Do not use catch as weighting!

28. Cod in the North Sea Yield Recruitment Parent stock Fishing mortality

29. Euroostat sustainable development 2009 report

30. Other indicators in CFP • Data Collection Framework (Council reg 199/2008, 665/2008; Com decision 2008/949) • Implementation regulation (2008/949, Appendix XIII) defines 9 indicators for the ecosystem impacts of fisheries

31. DCF indicators Environmental indicators to measure the impacts of fisheries on marine ecosystems • 1 Conservation status of fish • 2 Proportion of large fish • 3 Mean maximum length of fishes • 4 Size at maturation of exploited fish species • 5 Distribution of fishing activities • 6 Aggregation of fishing activities • 7 Areas not impacted by mobile bottom gears • 8 Discarding rates of commercially exploited species • 9 Fuel efficiency of fish capture Contributes to MSFD descriptor 1 (biodiversity), 2 (food webs), 3 (fish stocks), 6 (sea floor integrity) Implementation regulation DCF (Commission decision 2008/949, Appendix XIII)

32. Thank you!