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ILLUMINISM AND POSITIVISM

ILLUMINISM AND POSITIVISM. SIDRA ALAM. OUTLINE. ILLUMINISM WHAT PROVOKED IT FIRST ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT LEGACY POSTIVISM CONCLUSION . Illuminism or The Enlightenment Intellectual movement "Glorious Revolution" in England (1688) until French Revolution (1789)

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ILLUMINISM AND POSITIVISM

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  1. ILLUMINISM AND POSITIVISM SIDRA ALAM

  2. OUTLINE • ILLUMINISM • WHAT PROVOKED IT • FIRST ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT • LEGACY • POSTIVISM • CONCLUSION

  3. Illuminism or The Enlightenment • Intellectual movement • "Glorious Revolution" in England (1688) until French Revolution (1789) • Illuminati -- the exponents of the Enlightenment • Against the philosophy of the Dark Ages. • new philosophy - age of enlightenment - use and the celebration of reason

  4. What provoked it? • Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600 • flawed set of “scientific” beliefs established by the ancients and maintained by the Church • discover and convey the true laws governing the phenomena they observed in nature.

  5. Key People Galileo Galilei - 

  6. Key People Johannes Kepler

  7. Key People FrANCISbACON

  8. Key People Isaac newton

  9. Key People Galileo Galilei -  Italian astronomer who supported the sun-centered Copernican model of the solar system, angering the Catholic Church Johannes Kepler -  German astronomer who discovered laws of planetary motion Francis Bacon -  English scholar who developed inductive method of reasoning René Descartes -  French mathematician and philosopher who revolutionized algebra and geometry, developed deductive method Isaac Newton -  English mathematician and physicist who formulated fundamental laws of gravity and motion

  10. Not limited to mathematics, & science Not limited to innovations in philosophy, literature, mathematics, and science Also developments in economics, law, industrial technology, women’s rights, humanitarianism, and music.

  11. During the Scientific Revolution………. • new innovation - physics, philosophy, earth science, astronomy, and mathematics • significant, the methods of scientific exploration • inductive and deductive reasoning • observe-hypothesize-experiment methodology -scientific method. • work of Newton - showed that scientific thought and methods could be applied to nonscientific

  12. The First Enlightenment Thought German Enlightenment Czech reformer John Comenius  “we are all citizens of one world, we are all of one blood.”

  13. Positivism • Positivism-FrenchEnlightenment, with French philosopher AugusteComte • Apply principles of the natural sciences (such as Physics, Chemistry and Biology) to daily life. • Dependence of theory and observation in science

  14. Logical Positivism  Logical Positivists : Wittgenstein Bertrand Russell Alfred Whitehead (Principia Mathematica) Rudolph Carnap

  15. Western logic - positivism This logic hence assumes a deductive approach • Non-western logic - ‘wisdom’ This logic hence assumes an inductive approach

  16. Deductive research gave us penicillin & computer networks • Analytical induction gave us acupuncture & social networks

  17. Conclusion • Scientific advances - foundation for modern thought, while political • centuries-old traditions in Europe • greater freedom, greater opportunity, and generally more humane treatment for all individuals • Enlightenment arguably marked the first time that Western civilization truly started to become civilized. • Galileo - observationwas a necessary element of the scientific method—a point that Francis Bacon (1561–1626) solidified with his inductive method. • Sometimes known as the Baconian method, inductive science stresses observation and reasoning as the means for coming to general conclusions. • Descartes’ deductive approach to philosophy, using math and logic, stressed a “clear and distinct foundation for thought” that still remains a standard for problem solving. • Englishman Isaac Newton (1642–1727), calculus. PhilosophiaeNaturalis Principia Mathematica(1687) gravity and three laws of motion

  18. CONCLUSION Enlightenment stood for: Individualism Relativism Rationalism

  19. Do you feel Enlightened?! Thank You :)

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